Report on EGG bank Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Report on EGG bank - Essay Example As indicated by this change, banks are required increment their measure of capital so as to help their exercises. Banks are as yet uncertain how solid the changes will be and what will be its effects. The credit crunch has likewise had its effect on the UK banking segment. Bank of England is marginally changing its money related arrangement as a methods for quantitative facilitating trusting that the monetary conditions would turn out to be better. UK is additionally working in close joint efforts with China so as to build up the monetary and capital markets. Numerous occupations have been lost because of monetary log jam that has hugy affected the reasoning and the interest of the populace. Individuals are presently turning away from the banks as they have no methods for re-installments of credits from the banks. Likewise numerous individuals are not interested in the items that are offered by the banks and are searching for some better choices in which they could contribute. Innovative forward leaps are happening everywhere throughout the world and not simply in UK. The banks that were working disconnected are currently setting up themselves over the web offering a bigger number of items for unexpected fragments in comparison to they were doing in their workplaces. The quick movement of banks on the web has presented another financial industry called e-banking. Banks are presently battling to catch more objective markets than their opposition by methods for substantial on the web and disconnected advertising. The legitimate issues concerning the financial business is the place they would put away people’s cash as the clients request subtleties and assurance on their profits. The desk work and records on the customers’ data just as the banks’ data is currently of indispensable significance before going into an exchange because of expanded deceitful exercises. Banks are determining their battles toward green and neighborly condition as a methods for drawing in new potential

CASE ASSIGNMENT MODULE 5 Performance Management Essay

CASE ASSIGNMENT MODULE 5 Performance Management - Essay Example Execution of representatives is plainly affected by the exhibition the executives frameworks utilized inside an organization. These frameworks additionally help the HR group to manage different chances and furthermore help in growing new vocation choices and development levels in like manner. A very much arranged and executed framework can end up being the achievement factor for the business (Armstrong and Baron). Execution the executives frameworks help in building up the skills of the workforce just as help in recognizing the week regions of the representatives. This can be utilized as a strategy to beat the shortcomings of the workers and to create them to turn out to be acceptable in the specific zone (Smither). Additionally the presentation the executives frameworks help in nonstop checking and help in better in general execution of the workers. Considering a China †US Joint endeavor, the primary zone that should be considered is the requirement for steady checking. Here th e organization needs to guarantee that all representatives are checked continually, to help gain the best outcomes. Overseeing execution can be an aftereffect of numerous distinction strategies like preparing and improvement, coaching, the executives of stress, serious evaluations and furthermore thoughts like execution examinations (FSA). When there is a joint endeavor, guarantee that the social contrasts are remembered while building up the presentation the board frameworks. The reason for a fruitful execution the executives framework is compelling correspondence of the objectives and obligations both to the workers just as to the overseeing people inside the organization. In the event that the representatives are clear about their job, and the part they play inside an organization, the commitment will be likewise and will help in keeping up to the normal execution too (Rollo). The second pivotal stage here is the observing of the people and to guarantee that the business executio n is additionally all around followed and centered upon (Daniels and Daniels). Checking the business and the people inside the organization helps the supervisors and top administration give productive criticism to the workers and furthermore continually requires the directors to reestablish the principle objectives and targets of the organization (Paladino). Here the administration can set out the desires for the association viably and furnish the workers with a make way of their obligations. This is vital particularly in a multi social association as it helps in more advantageous working condition and better execution overall. At last, it is urgent to actualize a reasonable compensating structure for the workers of China just as the US associations and here the genuine presentation of the representatives should be thought of while giving both money related just as non fiscal advantages (FSA). The previously mentioned focuses will profit the general execution of the presentation the board frameworks and these will permit building up a viable framework (Smither). Here for this situation, since the joint endeavor is between two global firms, thus, there are various worldwide contemplations that likewise should be tended to while creating and actualizing the presentation the board frameworks (Daniels and Daniels). Of these, the as a matter of first importance factor that needs thought is the social contrasts. Here it is essential to consider as individuals from various societies work

Take This Bipolar Hypomania Quiz

Take This Bipolar Hypomania Quiz Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Mania and Hypomania Print Quiz for Bipolar Hypomania Episodes By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 17, 2020 bluecinema/Getty Images More in Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Mania and Hypomania Depression Diagnosis Treatment In This Article Table of Contents Expand Self-Test Scoring Other Factors View All Back To Top How do you know whether youre hypomanic? Periods of hypomania are possible whether you have Bipolar I or Bipolar II disorder. This quiz will help you determine whether youve ever had hypomania. You can use the results when speaking with a health care professional (even if you havent been diagnosed with bipolar disorder at present). The quiz is written as if youre currently experiencing an episode, but you can also use it for past periods when you suspect hypomania was happening. If thats the case, consider a period of at least 4 days when some symptoms from each group were present every day, for most of the day. Please note that this is not a formal diagnostic test. The results are intended for your use in talking to a doctor about your mental state. Hypomania Self-Test Keep count of the number of questions where your answer is Yes in each group. Group 1 Have you had an unusual increase in energy and/or activity?Do you feel abnormally happy, even though nothing in your life can account for it? The happiness may have begun with something special, but the happiness has lasted longer than normal.Is your mood abnormally expansive?Are you abnormally irritable for no real reason??? Group 2 These symptoms should represent a noticeable difference from your normal behavior or experience, and observable by others. Are you feeling grandiose, or is your self-esteem higher than normal? For example, do you feel you are better at a task or activity than all the others around you (when you normally dont feel that way)?Do you feel rested after just a few hours of sleep?Are you talking more than usual, or do you frequently feel like you absolutely must keep talking?Do you have racing thoughts  or are you speaking extremely rapidly, jumping from topic to topic (flight of ideas)?Are you very easily distracted?Are you physically extremely restless, or are you plunging into projects on impulse (for example, emptying out all your closets at once around 3 a.m., or calling 25 friends to invite them to a barbecue that afternoon)?Are you taking foolish risks without giving much thought to possible consequences? Or are you spending money recklessly??? Group 3 Are your behaviors causing serious difficulties in your life (for example, severe problems in relationships or at work or school, you lose your job because of them, etc.)?Are you having hallucinations, or are you delusional?Have you had to be hospitalized because of your symptoms in order to prevent you from harming yourself or others??? NOTE: Any yes answer in this group rules out hypomania; consider the Bipolar Mania Quiz instead. Scoring After you have scored your results, its essential to read about other important factors (below). Group 1:0-1 Yes 0 points2 Yes 1 point Group 2:0-2 Yes 0 points3 Yes 1 point Results In general, 2 points are necessary to be diagnosed as having a hypomanic episode. However, the presence of a number of symptoms in any single group is an indication that youre in need of a mental health evaluation. Your doctor may still conclude that you have bipolar disorder. Other possibilities: You may be experiencing mania rather than hypomania.You may be having a mixed episode.You may have another psychiatric diagnosis such as cyclothymia. Other Important Factors You must also consider these elements: Did your symptoms begin with the use of an illegal drug? If Yes, a diagnosis of hypomania cant be confirmed, but you should seek treatment immediately.Did your symptoms begin after the use of a prescription medication or other medical treatment? If Yes, the presence or absence of bipolar hypomania must be evaluated by a doctor, but again, you should seek treatment immediately. In Conclusion The psychiatric symptoms listed above are always a cause for concern  and may indicate a hypomanic episode. If you are troubled by any of them, seeking medical help is recommended

Dystopian Comparisons Essay - 1431 Words

In the Book A Clockwork Orange, the short stories Harrison Burgeron, The Lottery and the movies Gattaca and the Truman Show by Anthony Burgess, Kurt Vonnegut, Shirly Jackson, Andrew Niccol and Peter Wier respectively. These pieces of literature(and cinematography) all have a society that controls and manipulates the individual or Protaganist. The society does this because it wants total control over both the individual and the society as a whole. A Clockwork Orange is futuristic look at England. Where teenagers rule the streets and neglect the somewhat standing laws of society. The novels main character, fifteen-year-old Alex, and his three droogs (friends) Pete, Georgie and Dim, take place in all-night acts of random violence and†¦show more content†¦They used what they learned about him in the treatment center to drive him to suicide. The community manipulated Alex only to regain complete control over the society. The state is also willing to take away freedom of choice and willing to replace it with force-fed good behavior. This is an example of control in a state/society because the state choose to sacrifice liberty (and sanity) for the well being of the society as a whole. In the short story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, the futuristic United states society which has created a totally ‘equal’ society. Where handicaps are given out to all patrons of the society. The society manipulates and controls the main character(s) by giving them handicaps instilling fear in taking them to go against their ways an example of this is when George says â€Å"Two years in prison plus a two thousand dollar fine for every ball I took out, I don’t think that’s a fair bargain†(HB). This demonstrates how the society not only controls their life but also instills fear into the individuals living in the society. They do this by giving out harsh punishment for the crimes they do. They also do this by making the handicaps far more extreme then needed. Another expression of manipulation and control on the society’s part is â€Å"Diana Moon Glampers reloaded the shot gun and aimed at theShow MoreRelatedThe Year Of The Flood By Ma rgaret Atwood1993 Words   |  8 Pageswell as reinforce the information in my memory. In addition, if I wanted to review that information later, I could have it handy. Margaret Atwood is indeed an interesting author. She sees society from a unique point of view and likes to write dystopian novels which depict the eventual fate of humanity if we continue down the path of unforeseen and uncontrolled technological advancements and greed filled politics. She does not oppose progress or technology but is rather mainly concerned about theRead More Humanities’ Irrational and its Effects on a Utopian Society1690 Words   |  7 Pagesare the source. In one of his notable works, Civilization and its Discontents, Freud outlines that civilization’s primarily sought after result is for conformity of its societal members as well as repression of unwanted actions. We see this in comparison to the film Serenity, when those aboard the ship Serenity are being pursued by the Operator and the rest of the Alliance. The Alliance is hunting for the girl, River, who is aboard Serenity, and commits violence acts to do stop them, such as murderingRead MoreDystopian Literature : The Dark Sides Of Our Dreams1456 Words   |  6 PagesUsing the text as a frame of reference, how does dystopian literature demonstrate the power of fear? Dystopian fiction shows what happens if people don t fear for what s to come. Fear influences people very substantially, changing the actions they make. As it says in the text, â€Å"Dystopias are the dark sides of our dreams. There are common themes and stylistic choices because all of the distorted mirrors th at authors are holding up are trying to show us the same things. They are trying to give usRead MoreEssay The Myopia of Dystopia3805 Words   |  16 Pagesworld as the good place(Hermon, Holman) but rather one of the indescribable atrocities of war, disease, hunger etc#8230; A utopian world is a difficult, if not impossible, one to forge. Novels such as Brave New World, Fahrenheit 451, and 1984 are dystopian novels, with often-satirical undertones within their pages. This works are allegories, sardonic depictions of our societies ills. Each work contain strong hard-hitting political messages with common themes such as the fine line that divides a utopiaRead MoreThe Death Of Osama Bin Laden927 Words   |  4 PagesI’ve never been so excited to hear about a death in my entire life. Saddam Hussein, Osama bin Laden, Strom Thurmond...all were exhilarating—even invigorating—moments of vengeful macabre. But they pale in comparison to this sublimely blissful event; a single occurrence so focused and meaningful, so desired, so anticipated that the simple mention of it in certain company will bring rapturous cheers and talk of grand plans once refrained but now inevitable. Everyone has prayed for this death. For soRead MoreComparison of how Orwell in 1984 and Ishiguro in Never Let Me Go use failure and futility in human relationships as a theme in their dystopian novels2052 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Comparison of how Orwell in 1984 and Ishiguro in Never Let Me Go use failure and futility in human relationships as a theme in their dystopian novels As humans, we judge ourselves by how others perceive us and seek to conform to a universally accepted code of ethics and laws. It is this inherent value that we possess, a conscience that make us different from animals and it is also what is missing to a large extent in Orwell’s â€Å"1984† and Ishiguro’s â€Å"Never Let Me Go†. The futility of relationshipsRead MoreGeorge Orwell s 1984 And The Giver902 Words   |  4 Pagesworld without freedoms, a world without basic rights, a world without love. This describes the world depicted in George Orwell’s 1984. This dystopian world may have felt a million miles away when Orwell wrote 1984 in 1949. But, in today’s society, the interest in dystopian novels and films continues to grow. Many comparisons can be drawn between various dystopian novels. 1984 is especially similar to the novel and film The Giver. The novels share similarities in characters, memory, time, emotion, relationshipsRead MoreDys topian Society: Comparing Brave New World and 1984 Essay1705 Words   |  7 PagesDystopian Society: Comparing Brave New World and 1984 Different societies have risen and fallen in the continual search for the â€Å"perfect† society. The definition of this utopia is in constant flux due to changing times and cultural values. Many works of literature have been written describing a utopian society and the steps needed to achieve it. However, there are those with a more cynical or more realistic view of society that comment on current and future trends. These individuals lookRead MoreDystopian Society -Compare Contrast Brave New World and 19841686 Words   |  7 PagesDystopian Society Different societies have risen and fallen in the continual search for the â€Å"perfect† society. The definition of this utopia is in constant flux due to changing times and cultural values. Many works of literature have been written describing a utopian society and the steps needed to achieve it. However, there are those with a more cynical or more realistic view of society that comment on current and future trends. These individuals look at the problems in society and showRead MoreWhat are Dystopian Novels?966 Words   |  4 PagesDystopia is common theme which dates hundreds of years in literature worldwide. Dystopian novels and short stories often depict a society repressed by a totalitarian government which comes to power after a cataclysmic occurrence, wielding unforgiving power and control over inhabitants for their own good. These dystopias are often perceived by the average citizen as a normal or unavoidable way of life, sometimes even a better way of life, yet there is often a single person or group of protagonists

The Role Of Virgil In Dante Alighieris The Divine Comedy

As Dante is lost and floundering in his beginning moments of the story, a guide named Virgil appears to help.Virgil, a wise older man who’s lived for many years more than Dante, performs a vital function in The Divine Comedy; he leads Dante through hell and purgatory. In Dante Alighieris The Divine Comedy, there are many characters who are important, but Virgil has a key role. He serves as a protector, a knowledgeable guide and a model of human reason and wisdom. Virgil is very protective of Dante and how he feels Dante will react traveling through the different circles of hell. He carefully explains everything that they see or hear. Not only is he protective but he shows great kindness and compassion for Dante in his state of fear. â€Å" So†¦show more content†¦Dante- â€Å" May you weep and wail to all eternity, for I know you hell-dog as filthy as you.†(Canto 33). He even betrays one of the sinners in the ninth circle by promising the sinner that he will dry his face from his tears if the sinner tells him his name and story. Virgil also serves as a model of human reason and wisdom throughout the story. Human reason is a human beings capacity to use logic and make judgments related to knowledge. Virgil does exactly this, he shows Dante the right way. Virgil guides Dante to think the right way about sin and about god. In the beginning of the story, Dante had lost his ways and it is Virgils job as human reason to help him get back on track. Virgil describes how human beings are deserving of praise or for blame. Virgil expresses that he will explain as much as reason will allow him to and Beatrice will have to explain the rest to Dante. He explains to Dante the relationship between free will and love. â€Å" Then just as fire yearns upwards through the air,being formed that it aspires by nature to be in its own element up there; love, which is a spiritual motion fills the trapped soul and it can never rest short of the thing that fills it with devotion.† (Purgatorio Canto 38). Virgil is telling dante that the only way to understand true love is to be free and to be free you must follow the path of God and not sin. Virgil is the best person for the job of guiding Dante through hell and purgatorio. He leadsShow MoreRelatedDantes Voyage Through Hell1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe Inferno was written by Dante Alighieri around 1314 and depicts the poet’s imaginary journey through Hell. Dante spent his life traveling from court to court both lecturing and writing down his experiences. His Divine Comedy – the three-part epic poem consisting of Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso (Hell, Purgatory and Heaven)– is generally regarded as one of the greatest poetic feats ever accomplished. All three parts are incredible literary feats with symbolism so complex and beautiful thatRead MoreThe Inferno : Depiction And Representation Of Women2519 Words   |  11 Pagesthe context of the poem than what they say alone. Dante lived in an era when women did not occupy influential roles in the public realm, and were actually discouraged from engaging in intellectual or philosophical debate. Wome n were not allowed to take part in political discourse nor communicate through the medium of poetry. For the exclusion of women from the historical and literary western canon, Dante’s perception of women in The Divine Comedy can be seen as an underlying framework for furtherRead MoreEssay on Dantes Inferno and Classical Mythology1823 Words   |  8 PagesDante’s descent into Hell in Inferno, the first part of his Divine Comedy, tells of the author’s experiences in Hades as he is guided through the abyss by the Roman author, Virgil. The text is broken into cantos that coincide with the different circles and sub-circles of Hell that Dante and Virgil witness and experience. Inferno is heavily influenced by classic Greek and Roman texts and Dante makes references to a myriad of characters, myths, and legends that take place in Virgil’s Aeneid, Homer’s

Managing challenges for the 21st century Free Essays

â€Å"Drucker’s ideas continue to display a force and resonance that leave him pretty much in a class by himself. It is impossible to read the man without learning a lot.† —Fortune Magazine Advent of globalization has reformatted the business principles and this book is a perfect guide to show the way to conquer new world which is more dynamic, confident and aggressive. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing challenges for the 21st century or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before Peter Drucker, most people thought about their businesses with a manufacturing mindset, defining a business based on what it produced. Today, the marketing mindset prevails. It was Drucker’s critical insight that instead of buying a â€Å"product† the customer buys the satisfaction of a need. Drucker has reinvented the management principles to make them fit into the present world and can be proved more suitable in the current management framework. Drucker identifies new assumptions for the social discipline of management.  He has claimed that Management is NOT only for profit-making businesses but Management is the specific and distinguishing organ of any and all organizations. This revolutionary concept can bow the seed of future methods of business and can turn around the whole institutive scenario to create a completely different set of business leaders. Gone are the days when companies were making big profits and hence were focusing the management principles only towards profit earnings. Today’s world is flat and the competitions are monopolistic, in fact tends to perfect competition. In this scenario adhering to old management principles are like suicide. Second assumption is that never think that there is only one right organization which is again very relevant in present context. He has made a significant point over management of people. In Drucker’s view, One does not â€Å"manage† people. The task is to lead people. And the goal is to make productive the specific strengths and knowledge of each individual. Next assumption he made is that technologies and End-Users are NOT fixed and given. Increasingly, neither technology nor end-use is a foundation of management policy. They are limitations. The foundations have to be customer values and customer decisions on the distribution of their disposable income. It is with those that management policy and management strategy increasingly will have to start. Drucker’s book critically emphasizes the role of customer in today’s market scenario. He focuses on the point that now customer are the central point and business has to start and end at customer. Three things are important to run an effective business set up in present marketplace and that is customer, customer and only customer. Business has to be woven around the needs of the customer and ultimate goal should be customer satisfaction. He has quoted next assumption saying that Management’s scope is NOT only legally defined. The new assumption on which management, both as a discipline and as a practice, will increasingly have to base itself is that the scope of management is not legal. It has to be operational. It has to embrace the entire process. It has to be focused on results and performance across the entire economic chain. He also said that Management’s scope is NOT only politically defined. National boundaries are important primarily as restraints. The practice of management  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ and by no means for business only  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ will increasingly have to be defined operationally rather than politically. This assumption has to be adopted by new world immediately in light of the â€Å"open world concept† and â€Å"world is flat† concept. Seventh assumption he made on the organizational atmosphere. He explained that the Inside is NOT the only Management domain. The results of any institution exist ONLY on the outside. Management exits for the sake of the institution’s results. It has to start with the intended results and organize the resources of the institution to attain these results. It is the organ that renders the institution, whether business, church, university, hospital or a battered woman’s shelter, capable of producing results outside of itself. Lastly he declared the most important assumption that Management’s concern and management’s responsibility are everything that affects the performance of the institution and its results – whether inside or outside, whether under the institution’s control or totally beyond it. This way he brought the managerial concept at the core of all the issues whether be political or economical or anything. His point of opinion is that the new world will be a economic world where money will be the most important thing and managerial discipline are the most efficient organ of the nation which can help keeping the country self sufficient and create bonhomie everywhere. Therefore Drucker explains in a instructive tone that managers has to be responsible and they have to start thinking out of the box to consistently keep taking the extra steps in right direction. In the course of the discussions, Drucker also addresses the ultimate challenge of managing oneself while still meeting the demands on the individual during a longer working life and in an ever-changing workplace. He has always understood that people are deeply-and rightly-resistant to being â€Å"managed.† This point is especially relevant for knowledge workers, who know more about their jobs than their bosses do. For them, supervision is a special kind of hell. This is why good managers help people manage themselves by focusing consistently on performance and results and by teaching them, often by example, to think about what they are good at, how they learn, what they value. Such self-knowledge is essential to performance. Drucker has also introduced the effect of being a change leader. In the course of discussion he gives four requirements for change leadership:- 1. Polices to make the future. 2. Systematic methods to look for and to anticipate change. 3. The right way to introduce change, both within and outside the organization. 4. Policies to balance change and continuity. In chapter-4, Drucker has navigated through the concept of information technology. Information is no doubt the most important tool to create a successful business setups. Drucker describes the new information revolution that is gaining momentum as follows. So far, for fifty years, Information Technology has centered on DATA -their collection, storage, transmission, presentation. It has focused on the ‘T’ in ‘IT’. The new information revolutions focus on the ‘I’. They ask, ‘what is the MEANING of information and its PURPOSE?’ And this is leading rapidly to redefining the tasks to be done with the help of information and, with it, to redefining the institutions that do these tasks.† As long as the world continues to become more complex and specialized, information management is essentially a critical part of all businesses and act as blood and vein for industry. The last chapter of the book, managing oneself, is completely devoted to the individual. Drucker advises persons to work on their strengths in order to maximize performance. Conclusion: This book is highly recommended for tyros and young turks. This book is envisaging enough eye opener facts, which can help company grow to the maximum level by reinventing and managing the organizational principles and the level of knowledge workers who will face new challenges in the 21st century. Incisive, challenging, and mind-stretching, Drucker’s new book is forward-looking and forward thinking. It combines the broad knowledge, wide practical experience, profound insight, sharp analysis, and enlightened common sense that are the essence of Drucker’s writings, which are continuing international bestsellers and â€Å"landmarks of the managerial profession† (Harvard Business Review).             How to cite Managing challenges for the 21st century, Essay examples

The Role of Motherese in Acquiring A Language Essay Example

The Role of Motherese in Acquiring A Language Paper The speaking style used by caretakers around the world when addressing infants is often called motherese or parentese (Ferguson, 1964). Motherese is the style of talking used by mothers when addressing their eighteen to twenty-four moth old toddlers and has been shown to be preferred over adult-directed speech by infants when given a choice (Fernald, 1985). Moreover, the exaggerated stress and increased pitch typical of infant-directed speech assists infants in discriminating phonetic units (Karzon, 1985). From birth, a child encounters an immediately facilitative environment allowing him/her to participate as a conversational partner and as the childs communicational behavior develops, the mother naturally attempts to persuade more verbal participation from the child by altering her own behavior. Initially the mother provides object names to the childs vocalisations but soon begins to request labels and by the middle of the childs second year the mother is requesting and labeling at an equal rate, establishing dialog. The mother helps to form the childs speech by distinctly distinguishing between acceptable and unacceptable responses, ensuring the childs verbalisations are not direct imitations but responses to fit specific slots in the dialog. In order to aid learning the mother provides consistency, such as the amount of time devoted to dialog, the rate of confirmation and the probability of reciprocating (Bruner, 1978). Additionally, the mother modifies her speech and when taken together, are called motherese (Newport, Gleitman Gleitman, 1977) or parentese. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Motherese in Acquiring A Language specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Motherese in Acquiring A Language specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Motherese in Acquiring A Language specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mothers use paralinguistic variations as well as linguistic alterations as the manner of presentation may be more important than the content of dialog. According to Sachs (1985), the mother produces modifications using a broad range of pitches and loudness and overall, her pitch is higher than in adult to adult conversations. A range of different languages present this pitch contour however some variation is seen (Bernstein, Ratner Pye, 1984). Infants will respond to intonation patterns before they comprehend language and prefer high, variable pitch (Fernald Kuhl, 1987). The mother also modifies her rhythm and timing. The duration of vowels is longer than in adult to adult conversation and there are longer pauses between utterances, this rhythm is also seen in signing mothers of deaf children (Fernald, 1994). Compared to adult to adult speech, motherese exhibits, greater pitch range, especially at the higher end; lexical simplification characterised by the diminutive (doggie) and syllable reduplication (consonant-verb syllable repetition); shorter less complex utterances; less dysfluency; more paraphrasing and repetition; limited, concrete vocabulary and a restricted set of semantic relations; more contextual support and more directives and questions. Conversational style with infants is short and with toddlers it is even shorter as less adult utterances are spoken. During the second half of the childs first year the mother decreases the length of her utterances and this is positively correlated with improved receptive language skills by the child at eighteen months (Murray et. al. , 1990). A mother aids the process of learning a language in which the child uses what he/she knows to decode more mature language, also known as bootstrapping, by maintaining a semantic-syntactic correspondence (Rondal Cession, 1990). For example, by way of motherese, the child finds it easier it decipher the syntax of the mothers utterances. Directed speech from the mother to the child adapts and the childs language matures as motherese is well tuned to the childs language level (Owens, 1986). The rate of change in language level is initially slow however it speeds up with age. The complexity and the length of the mothers utterances most primarily change between twenty and twenty-seven months alongside the period of rapid language change for the child. However, at any given time the syntax is mostly consistent (Wells et. al. , 1983). Infant-directed speech also is altered at the phonetic level and these alterations are argued to help infants learn. In a recent study, women were recorded while speaking to their two-month-old infants and to another adult in the United States, Russia, and Sweden (Kuhl, 1997). Mothers used the vowels /i/, /a/, and /u/, in both settings, and their speech was analysed. The results demonstrated that the phonetic units of infant-directed speech are acoustically exaggerated. The results show a stretching of the acoustic space encompassing speech. Exaggerating speech not only makes it more distinguishable for infants, it highlights critical parameters used in the native language. This may aid the childs discovery of the dimensions of sound used in their native language. Mothers addressing infants also increase the variety of exemplars they use, behaving in a way that makes them resemble many different talkers is a feature shown to assist category learning in second-language learners (Lively, 1993). In recent studies, language-delayed children show substantial improvements in measures of speech and language after listening to speech altered by computer to exaggerate phonetic differences (Merzenich, 1996) Mothers addressing infants make other adjustments that appear to aid learning. When introducing new words, parents repeat the word often in stereotyped frames (Wheres the __ , See the __ , Thats a __ (Peters, 1983), which highlights the items in sentence-final position. They also present new words in a great variety of contexts, which would highlight the transitional probabilities of the new words against a variety of contexts (Goodsitt, 1993). This data suggests that the modifications made by adults unconsciously when they speak to infants plays a role in helping infants map native-language input. Motherese involves many re-casts by the adult. Re-casts occur when an adult repeats a childs speech, while adding complexity and expanding vocabulary. Re-casts expose the child to new forms and structures, while providing more fuel for language acquisition than would immediate imitation (Goodluck, 1986). An example of a re-cast is a child saying up whilst the mother follows with yes, mummy will pick you up. In these re-casts there is also a tendency to avoid using personal pronouns such as I and you since both can be very confusing to the child. It is difficult for the child to recognise that you can be applied to more than one person hence, the parent most often than not refers to both herself and the child using the respective nouns mummy and child for example. In both English and French the amount of parental labeling or naming varies with the age and development of the child but a relationship still exists between the amount of adult labeling and the childs consequent growth in vocabulary (Graham Sippola, 1995). Choi Gopnik (1995) produced evidence to suggest that initial parental emphasis on nouns from Mandarin, Korean, Italian, and English is not universal although gesturing and use of noun labels in English decrease with development regardless. Nouns become replaced with verbs to describe actions being performed by objects (Schmidt, 1996). The steady rhythmic flow of the dialog depends on the structural resemblance of the mother and child utterances as well as on the association of the mothers speech relative to the environment. Through the use of turn-passing strategies the mother encourages and allows the child to participate however refrains from using turn-grabbing or turn-keeping behaviours. Consequently, the child is not a solo linguist with the endeavor to learn the language code; the large majority of the analysis, synthesis and abstraction is performed by the mother (Moerk, 1985). Undeniably, the language input and motherese to which is child is subject to is influenced by the childs characteristics (Yoder Kaiser, 1989). The types of toys children chose to play with or are presented with, can manipulate the amount and types of language produced by the mother (OBrien Nagle, 1987), dolls for example promote role play and hence promote larger amounts and variety of language from parents. Furthermore, simplifications to language by adults logically must reflect cues from the child, although parents arent aware of their alterations as they are not consciously trying to teach a language. Not only is much of the speech addressed to the child adapted for the childs linguistic level according to the amount of child feedback and participation but speech not adapted is simply not processed by the child (Snow, 1986). In effect, children play an active and important role in choosing the utterances to which they will respond. Lack of response from the child informs the parent that communication has broken down, which may instigate the linguistic changes in the parent to take place. It is logical to conclude the key to adult linguistic changes is the child (Furrow Nelson, 1984). The pragmatic aspects to the mothers speech are likely to be related to either the referential or the expressive style of the child as referential children tend to name frequently whereas expressive children participate in more conversation. Mothers to referential children use more descriptive words with fewer directives, additionally, these mothers make more utterances in a given situation then mothers with expressive speech (Benedict Klein, 1983). Furthermore, Ochs Schieffelin (1994) report children do not require a syntactically and phonologically simplified input in order to acquire language, as the use of motherese is not universal across all cultures, however it is still very widespread regardless. There also seems to exist a great variation in the styles of social interaction and the form of motherese across different cultures (Lieven, 1994). However, it is possible that these other cultures compensate for their lack of motherese through simplifying language development in other ways, such as via emphasizing everyday communal life (Snow, 1995). The rate of a childs linguistic development is only not correlated with the complexity of the childs input. The most important factor to motherese isnt the form of what it directly said to the child but the content, in particular, children who learn the fastest are those who receive most encouragement and acknowledgment for their utterances (Ellis Wells, 1980). Gross (1978) demonstrated the value of extended replied by adults that in result amplify the comments of the children. This conclusion was drawn because, children who showed the most rapid linguistic development were those whose mothers asked their children more questions and gave more extensive replies to their childrens questions (Howe, 1980). In conclusion, much remains to be learned about language acquisition however it can be deduced that motherese is beneficial to a childs acquisition of language regardless of whether it is completely necessary for language development or not. The aim of motherese may not be to teach language however it facilitates development through providing an opportunity for children to practice, improve, and enhance their language abilities. The caregivers efforts combined with the childs own influences produce a suitable relationship for the input, feedback, acquisition and practice of language. Motherese may also serve to aid a child in the acquisition and comprehension of language particular rules which are otherwise largely unpredictable principles of universal grammar. However, factors such as socio-economic background, where toys promoting language utilasation cannot be bought will hinder the effects of motherese regardless of whether motherese is in effect or not; birth order, position in the family, and siblings also have an effect on early language development, this is because single children have a greater opportunity to communicate effectively with adults as compared to children with many siblings as may therefore develop language at a faster pace. Ethnicity, parents mother tongue and parents work hours are more examples of factors that directly affect the success motherese can have on childrens language development. Consequently, for a child to fully benefit from the effects of motherese he/she must boast optimal conditions, if this is not possible, as is the case with many individuals, motherese may not act as beneficially as possible, however it will still serve to assist in language acquisition.