Genetic Engineering the Church View Essay -- essays papers

Genetic Engineering the Church View A relatively recent issue, genetic plan has nevertheless become an burning(prenominal) enough internationally to cause public debates. The issue is complex, involving many parts and, of course numerous ethical concerns. Some of the parts enveloped by genetic engineering are re-create, modifications of genetic traits, and bioengineering of plants and certain animal to yield better crop and product. Much can be done using genetic engineering. Although we cast off a potential to harvest and already do see many advantages as a result of this, a deeper issue looms like a mist over on the horizon are we prepared for the ramifications involved in this concept that has such high potential? At the center of the issue is the perspective of the Church. And it is finished human race dignity that religion and cloning are linked. Genetic engineering, and, specifically cloning is deeply an issue of dignity. For example, the Catholic Church addresse d human cloning in 1987, stating that cloning is contrary to the moralistic law, since it is in opposition to the dignity both of human procreation and of the conjugal union (2). Thus, cloning is contrary to our moral and theological beliefs since the normal reproduction does not take course life is created through neither marriage nor sexual intercourse. Gods plan for us is finding a mate-someone we spend the rest of our life with, have children, pass on our knowledge and genetic material. Gods plan is for us to have two biological parents-those whose genetic, physical, and mental randomness comes together to produce a new, different creation. Cloning completely disrupts Gods plan. A kind of controversial issue, cloning, as most such issues, forces one to take a stand on either moral, ethical, religious, or other grounds. Once faced with such dilemna, various religious movements have had to take such stand, which are rather varied throughout the different faiths. The Ca tholic Church, for example, has denounced cloning and has specifically called to put a ban on human cloning. God alone is the master of human life and of its integrity states Pope John Paul II. To respect the dignity of man, consequently, amounts to safeguarding this identity of the man corpore et anima unus, states the Vatican Council II (3). The biological individuality of a person is untouchable, being made of bot... ...f effects. This, in our history, humanity has done many a time. The Churchs role has been that of a prophet, warning us that just because we can do something, does not guess we should.References1. Church of Scotland webpage. http//dspace.dial.pipex.com/srtscot//srtpage3.shtml2. American Bioethics Advisory Commission. http//www.all.org/abac/clontx06.htm3. Dangers of Genetic Manipulation. Address by Pope John Paul II to members of the World Medical Association. October 29, 1983. http//listserv.american.edu/catholic/church/ pompous/jp.ii/genmanip.asc4. Sophi e Boukhai. Religion, genetics and the embryo. UNESCO Courier, Sept 1999. 5. Armstrong, Bruce G. Scientific, Ethical and Biblical Considerations of Genetic Engineering. Central Highlands Christian Publications. 1999.6. Epstein, Ron. Ethical and Spiritual Issues in Genetic Engineering. Ahimsa Voicesa Quarterly Journal for the procession of Universal Values. 5. Oct. 1998.7. Church blocks GM trial. BBC News Online UK. August 4, 1999. http//news.bbc.co.uk/low/english/uk/newsid_411000/411509.stm8. Genetically Modified Organisms. http//www.cofe.anglican.org/view/gmos.rtf

The Life of a Slave :: essays research papers

My name is Shaniqua and I am a sixteen-year-old girl from Mali, Africa. Everyone was nice back in my village. I lived at home with my mother, father, and my younger brother, Jamal. lifetime back home was great. I would help my mother around the house and take care of my little brother Jamal. Jamal and I would help mama cleared and cook. I would also help my mother make clothes to cheat on at the market. On certain days I would go to the market to sell the clothes my mother and I made. My mother and I would take turns going to the market. roughlytimes in the summer I would go to the river with my best friend.Im the type of person that would help someone if they were in trouble. I always treated people fair. I was very happy at home. The village that I lived in was always busy people always had something to do. There was never a dull moment in my village. We all got along in the village. It was a nice summer day so my friend and I decided to take a walk to the river and cool off. As we approached the river some strange expression men popped out from behind the bushes and grabbed us. I had never seen someone like that before they were pale and white. They had yellow hair and blue eyes. The men shackled us to one another and forced us to walk to where there were many other Africans in a cage. I was crying and screaming alone they didnt care. I tried to get away and they hit me with a whip so hard across my back that it bled. I had no chouse but to follow them to the coast. As I was walking I saw people from my village being whipped and beaten. They were getting whipped so bad chunks of their skin were falling on the floor. There was blood gushing from their open flesh. People are screaming for help but theres no one to help them. Some man that was shackled tried to escape, he failed. The white men killed him. As we got to the coast there were huge wooden boats waiting for us. They shoved us into the boat, then they through with(predicate) us into some place below decks. We are so close together we can hardly move. I see people getting thrown and twisted off the ship left and right.

Runnin Down Some Lines: Book Review :: essays research papers

Deprived of opportunities for advancement in mainstream society, black ghetto teenagers elevate their personal style into a school of thought of life. Their exemplars are pimps and gangsters.... Gangs develop to bolster self-identity through psychological control of the streets hip "threads" and "freaked out" cars also serve as outward signs of inner creativity. both(prenominal) sexes consider coitus ("doin the do") a natural and desirable part of adolescence soft drugs, primarily marijuana ("tea"), also offer a unorthodox alternative to the harsh reality of ghetto existence. But embracing all of these is the vernacular itself - in its grace, flexibility, and strength it is a valuable tool for "gettin down," for "blowin fire," ultimately for staying alive...(Anderson 1981233-234).Edith A Folb is a sportsmanlike woman who threw herself into the depths of one of Americas most notorious ghettos for nearly nine years of fieldwork on th e language and culture of African-American teenagers. She left the University of California, Los Angeles in 1964, halfway through an increasingly dissatisfying Ph.D. program, to involve herself in a variety of community-based activities in the hopes of determining the future course of her life. After two years of working amongst the predominantly black inhabitants of South Central Los Angeles, Folb returned to school with a better subject of focus for her studies. She had found her calling in the last place most large number would think to look in the heart of the ghetto. "So, in 1967, she began the systematic study of black teenage vernacular vocabulary" (Folb 1980viii).In 1980, Edith A. Folbs first book, runnin down whatever lines the language and culture of black teenagers, was published. The book is based on her extensive first-hand research on the teens of South Central. She spent over eight years operational within the community, interviewing many teens and conver sing less formerly with countless others. Folb feels that these youths are representative of an aspect of American society both disregarded and misunderstood by the white majority. She even goes as far as to refer to the ghetto as a "country" of its own within the boundaries of the United States (Folb 19802). Her goal is to shed some luminousness on the otherwise dark subject of inner city culture. Folb believes that the manner in which the teens of South Central speak may "tell those who would listen what it substance to be young and black and live in a ghetto community" (Folb 19804).

Ritalin :: essays research papers

methylphenidateAbstract     methylphenidate (Methylphenidate) is a mild CNS stimulant. In medicine,Ritalins primary use is treatment of Attention Deficit / active Disorder(ADHD). The mode of action in humans is not completely understood, but Ritalinpresumably activates the arousal system of the brain stem and the pallium toproduce its stimulant effect. Recently, the frequency of diagnosis for ADHD hasincreased dramatically. More children and an increasing number of adults arebeing diagnosed with ADHD. gibe to the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)(Bailey 1995), prescriptions for Ritalin have increased more than 600% in thepast five years. Ritalin has a long history of controversy regarding sideeffects and potential for abuse, tho it greatly benefits those with ADHD.Psychological effects of RitalinRitalin (Methylphenidate) is manufactured by CIBA-Geigy Corporation. Itis supplied in 5 mg., 10 mg., and 20 mg. tablets, and in a sustained quitform, Ritalin SR, in 20 mg. tablets. It is readily water soluble and is intendedfor oral use. It is a Schedule II Controlled Substance under both the federaland Vermont Controlled Substance Acts. Ritalin is primarily used in thetreatment of Attention Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) (Bailey 1995).ADHD is a condition most likely based in an inefficiency and inadequacyof Dopamine and Norepinephrine hormone availability, typically occurring when aperson with ADHD tries to concentrate. Ritalin improves the efficiency of thehormones Dopamine and Norepinephrine, increasing the resources for memory, focus, intentness and attention (Clark 1996).Ritalin has been used for more than 30 years to treat ADHD. Nervousnessand insomnia are the most common adverse reactions reported, but are usuallycontrolled by reducing dosage or omitting the afternoon or evening dose.Decreased appetite is also common but usually transient (Long 1996).According to Clark (1996), children, adolescents and adults diagnosed with ADHDusually report the following effects when successfully treated with Ritalin alter concentration.Better "focus".Improved ability to complete their work.Improved intensity of attention and longer attention span.Reduced distractibility.Reduced impulsivity.Reduced restlessness and over operation.Improved patience.More elaborate expressive vocabulary.Better written musing and handwriting (especially in children).An improved sense of "alertness".Improved memory for visual as well as auditory stimuli.Ritalins Effect on Neurotransmitter SystemsRitalin exhibits pharmacological activity similar to that ofamphetamines. Ritalins exact mechanism of action in the CNS is not fullyunderstood, but the primary sites of activity appear to be in the cerebralcortex and the subcortical structures including the thalamus. Ritalin blocks thereuptake mechanism present in dopaminergic neurons. As a result, sympathomimeticactivity in the aboriginal nervous system and in the peripheral nervous system increases. Ritalin-induced CNS stimulation produces a decreased sense of fatigue,an increase in motor activity and mental alertness, mild euphoria, and brighter

Attention Hyperactive Deficit Disorder Essays -- essays papers

Attention Hyperactive Deficit DisorderYou know how it feels when youre tilted back in your chair and its just about to fall over? I feel like that all the time This is how a soulfulness affected with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) feels every day. ADHD refers to a family of related disorders that interfere with an individuals capacity to regulate activity level, inhibit behavior, and ascertain to tasks in developmentally appropriate ways.Some statistics 75% people with ADD get divorced 50% stay behind a grade 46% have been suspended 11% have been expelled 3-5% (going on 15-20%) school aged population has it. 2.5 - 3 million school aged children have itThe most ordinary behaviors of ADHD fall into three categories inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. People with ADHD may show several signs of beingness consistently inattentive. They may have a pattern of being hyperactive and impulsive, or they may show all three types of behavior. Inattention is when people have a hard time keeping their minds on every one thing and may get bored with a task after only a few minutes. They may find it agonizing to do homework without getting bored. Often they will forget to plan ahead by writing down the assignment or bringing home the unspoilt books. When finally trying to do work they may find themselves drifting to something else as a result, work will r atomic number 18ly get done.People who are hyperactive always seem to be in motion they cannot sit still in one position. They may squirm in their seat or talk incessantly. Sitting through a single class could be an impossible task. For example, hyperactive teens and adults may touch everyt... ...ouglas A. (2002). Whats Wrong with Doug? The Academic Struggles of a adroit Student with ADHD from Preschool to College. Gifted Child Today, 25, 48-59 http//search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=EJ657356&db=eric9. Greene, Ro ss W. Beszterczey, Sara K. Katzenstein, Tai Park, Kenneth Goring, Jennifer. Are Students with ADHD More Stressful To Teach? Patterns of Teacher Stress in an unsophisticated School Sample. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 10, 79-89. http//search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=EJ647177&db=eric10. Heilegenstein, Eric Guenther, Greta Levy, Andrea Savino, Felix Fulwiler, Jan.(1999) Psychological and Academic Functioning in College Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of American College Health, 47, 181-185. http//search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=EJ580716&db=eric

Town Meetings :: Expository Cause Effect Essays

Town Meetings   I grew up going to town meetings with grannie Sue. Every Thursday Grandma would drag me along with her to the meetings. Afterwards, she would always buy me ice cream at Karls Ice Cream. I loved our time at the ice cream stock, still hated the meetings. But by the time I was old enough to make my own decisions, I couldnt bring myself to tell Grandma that I didnt inadequacy to go to the meetings. So I just went along with her.   Town meetings, Grandma would say, are the only place that we townsfolk get to share our opinions about the number of things in this town. Its important that we take the time to do so. And share, she did. Grandma shared her opinions about everything at the meetings. Whether it was the construction of a new park, the clean-up crew after the parade, the represent of school lunches, the new leash law, a curfew for teens, or nominations for new board members, she was always involved. She herself was nominated numerous times for positions on the board, but she always declined the nomination. some folks have just gotta stay on the other side of politics, she explained to me, thats how you keep the town running clean.   Grandma died of a heart attack when I was 22. Her death came as a surprise to us all. The Thursday after her funeral I just couldnt bring myself to go to the town meeting. I stayed home that week, and the next, and before I knew it, months had passed. Then my neighbor told me about the plan for the new supermarket.   She told me that the town had approved a plan to allow a new supermarket to be reinforced on the site of Karls Ice Cream shop. It meant that Karls would be torn down I couldnt bear the thought of losing that precious shop.   That Thursday I went to the meeting. When the plan came up on the docket, I stood to speak.   I know what Grandma Sue would have said about this plan, and I intend to say it for her. Karls Ice Cream shop has been a meeting place for town-folk for more than 80 years.

History of Marketing

The History Of Marketing As of today, we understand foodstuffing to be a process where the goal is to know the needs of the costumer, and brace these with the organizations ability to fulfill these expectations. For this to happen successfully, it is important that the organizations understands both who the costumer is, what value the costumer requires, as well as how to deliver this value in the trump possible manner. Had it not been for the history of marketing as we know it, our view on modern marketing might get under unrivalleds skin been very different.Whether the difference would have made a positive or negative impact is hard to know, but one thing is certain. The history of marketing is important to understand in order to learn about marketing itself. Even though marketing is known to have had a massive development during the twentieth century, traces of marketing theories throw out be found long before this m. As an example of this, Ambler (2004) traces marketing thought to the Middle ages with the first formal analysis of buyer penury by Thomas Aquinas (1225-74) and St Bernardino of Sienas (1380-1444) recognition of function, market price and psychological benefits.Egan (2008p5). This is evidence that marketing theories has been around for hundreds of years, even though, during the twentieth century, it became much of a specialist market with independent discipline. As the market in USA at the end of the nineteenth century was changing from a sellers market to a buyers market, marketing started fair a topic for discussion. USA now had a wider market for a growing middle class, with lower prices and more VARER available, whereas European, notably the UK, had a society consisting of a few wealthy people with most of the countrys money, and many poor with no money to spend on goods.Still, one thing was for sure, during the payoff era the Industrial Revolution led to a massive and more effective production of VARER (various goods? ). Market ers soon began to understand that this new market that was evolving needed a change of attitude from the set aboutrs. The products needed to be desired from the consumer, and not just expected to be bought because it was available and affordable. By 1910 people started report literature in relations to marketing, and the interest around the subject was growing. The Sales Era lasted from about the mid- 1920s to the early 1950s.By this time the demand for products made by consumers started to decrease. The understanding that the products would need to be sold to the consumer was in focus, and the importance of sales was given more attention. This was the time when the actual word marketing was added to the commercial lexicon. Egan (2008p7). 1930-40 was a time where the development of previous ideas were emphasized, and many approaches were VURDERT During these years, both The Journal of Marketing, a collection of journals about marketing, and the magazine Marketing were published.Th e third and current period in the history of business, The Marketing Era, also called the era of costumer orientation, began in the 1950s. In the beginning of this period, marketing management was given a lot of attention. This resulted in more attention being given to the study of how marketing should function, as appose to how it already functioning. Also, solving problems and making decisions were emphasized. The theory that extensive promotion and efficient production of products were not a guarantee that costumers would desire them was discussed by many businesspeople.As a result of this, these businesses found that it would be better to first understand what costumers wanted, and then produce this, as appose to producing something and later trying to change the costumers needs so that it would fit the business production. Modern marketing developed in a time post world war two, a time where Television was more accessible for the middle class, and gave huge opportunities for ad vertisement. Also, in this time European economy was find again, and the spending of the average consumer increased, and began to reflect on the economic situation the US had bin stuck with a decade before.The interest of marketing therefore grew, as well as the need for advertisement. During the 1960s, computer technology contributed to pushing this growth. This also led to the consumer behavior changing. In the 1970s, both the macromarketing school and the strategic planning school would be big influences on the marketing development. The macromarketing school for instance, studied the impact of marketing practices on society and society on marketing, whereas the strategic planning school explored the kinship between environmental change and change within the organization.Egan (2008p11) In the 1990s the attitude around business changed in the US and the UK. Short term cyberspace and their impact on the share price put marketers on the defensive from which many would suggest the y have not emerged. Egan (2008p13). During the last twenty years of the 1900s, descent marketing, a marketing strategy in which developing a relationship with the consumer over a longer period of time is the priority, became a central disassemble of marketing, at the same time as it was a central topic for discussion in business management.Relationship marketing had a rapid growth was becoming a global concept, and a final product made from the influence of previous theories of marketing. This means, that during 40 years of development, marketing had evolved from consumer marketing, in the 1950s, to industrial marketing, non-profit and societal marketing in the 1970s, service marketing in the 1980s and last but not least relationship marketing in the 1990s. Marketing still is in the process of development and will continue to evolve in the years to come.Looking back on the evolution of the marketing is however a great way to both understand and continue developing marketing for th e future to come, so it continues to improve and adapt to both the society we have today, and the society that we are headed for in the future.Reference Egan J (2008) 100 years of marketing in Relationship Marketing Exploring Relationship Marketing Exploring Relational Strategies Third Edition Harlow Pearson Education in mild R. , Ryan A. , Lenney P. (2010) Marketing 2nd Ed Vol. 1 Chapter 1, Text for Lancaster University course MKTG 101. Harlow Pearson/Custom Publishing

Why Will IT Continue To Affect Education Education Essay

Research shows that Information applied science will go on to impact instruction because it adjusts to larning styluss and is in beseech, despite cost and pupil disablements.Jennifer Cromley provides considerations of utilizing computing shapes in instruction. It discusses the countries where computing works are and are non utile in instruction. It in like manner provides utile advice. The article contains umpteen mentions with sticker uping and opposing point of views. The source is an Assistant Professor of Educational Psychology. The article was publish in Focus on Basics snip. It is a quarterly clipping for practicians created by The National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy ( NCSALL ) .NCSALL is a research and development centre and is funded by assorted authorities and educational establishments. It supports the judgment that computing machines can be utilise by wound pupils and enhances larning. It is besides used for an opposing point of view in the de tho ( Cromley, 2000 ) .Farr, G. ( 2009 ) . Mad magazine to Facebook what have we gained? . Teacher Librarian, 36 ( 5 ) , 30-32.The Shannon Learning Center in Texas supports the usage of engineering in the schoolroom. It quotes a rule, contains illustrations from his yesteryear and a radio link to a picture to back up his points. The picture efficaciously demonstrates a demand from pupils to be allowed the usage of cell phones in school. The pupils likely have an subsurface motivation, but the article provides a possible solution. Gregg Farr is a high school rule in Texas at Shannon Learning Center. The journal article was published in Teacher Librarian The Journal for School Library Professionals. It has been printing the diary for 30 old ages. It is used to back up the decision that Information Technology will go on to impact instruction due to a demand from pupils ( Farr, 2009 ) .Gulchak, D. ( 2008 ) . Using a nomadic handheld computing machine to learn a pupil with an emotional and behavioural upset to self-monitor attending. Education & A Treatment of Children, 31 ( 4 ) , 567-581.Daniel Gulchak discusses surveies that show how computing machines can help handicapped pupils instruction by supplying behavioural feedback. He specifically describes a reexamine conducted on a person that utilizes a hand-held computing machine with the intent of proving its effectivity on a pupil with an attending upset. The computing machine is used to assist the pupil breach his ain behaviour during a undertaking. The survey concluded that behaviour improved by 34 % . Academicians improved as a consequence because it improved his ability to be taught. The writer reveals that more(prenominal) surveies need to be do and that the survey does non supply grounds that the computing machine was more effectual than traditional methods. Daniel Gulchak has his ain web site, a doctoral grade, and works at the Institute for Human Development. Education & A Treatment of Children is a diary published by the West Virginia University Press. The journal article is used to demo that computing machines can be adapted for disablements ( Gulchak, 2008 ) .Hargadon, S. ( 2010, March 1 ) . Educational networking The function of Web 2.0 in instruction available full-text, free . multimedia system & A Internet Schools. Retrieved March 8, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol //www.mmischools.com/Articles/Editorial/Features/Educational-Networking-The-Role-of-Web-2.0-in-Education-5bAvailable-Full-Text2c-Free5d-61342.aspxThis article describes how societal networking has enhanced educational networking and assists professional development. It discusses how societal networking can do the skill experience more efficient, convenient, and gratifying. It is a good beginning for pedagogues to utilize for considerations when implementing educational networking. Steve Haragon has his ain web site and is a Social Learning Consultant that has founded a societal acqu isition web known as Classroom 2.0. The article was published in Multimedia & A Internet Schools magazine. The magazine is a guide to electronic tools for instructors. I found this beginning seeking to happen the publishing house of one of the original beginnings. I exchanged beginnings because the original beginning s publishing house no longer existed it is newer and founder than the original. It is used in confederation with another beginning to demo how Information Technology and adjusts to larning manners. It provides an illustration of how educational networking can be cost efficient ( Hargadon, 2010 ) .Hinchliff, G. ( 2008 ) . Toddling toward engineering Computer usage by really immature kids. Children & A Libraries The Journal of the Association for Library serve to Children, 6 ( 3 ) , 47-49.The Association for Library Service to Children ( ALSC ) discusses many surveies that show computing machines are good to immature kids. It mentions more surveies that need to be done and identifies some of the jobs and makes suggestions for the usage of computing machines for immature kids s instruction. Gaye Henchliff is a librarian who created this diary article for the Research and Development Committee at ALSC. ALSC concentrates on doing libraries better for kids. The article is used to demo that computing machines can be utilized to better instruction among immature and handicapped kids because it enhances their learning experience ( Hinchliff, 2008 ) .OLawrence, H. ( 2006 ) . The influences of distance larning on grownup scholars. Techniques Connecting Education & A Careers, 81 ( 5 ) , 47-49.Techniques Connecting Education & A Careers discusses factors refering grownups in distance acquisition plans. It is utile to utilize as a vision for finding whether to inscribe in on-line class reveals some of the jobs associated with distance acquisition. Henry OLawrence works in the Occupational Studies Department at California express University. The diary published by the Association for Career and Technical Education ( ACTE ) . ACTE was founded in 1926 and is a primary association for the betterment of instruction. It is used to demo a demand for information engineering in instruction for distance acquisition and provides some opposing points ( OLawrence, 2006 ) .Pelham, B. , Crabtree, S. , & A Nyiri, Z. ( 2009 ) . Technology and instruction. Harvard worldwide Review, 31 ( 2 ) , 74-76.The Harvard International Review discusses the contention environing whether computing machines are cost and educationally efficient. It shows that some hapless states have higher tonss due to computing machines. It gives an illustration of pupils in Nigeria that did an abbreviation using energy efficient computing machines provided by the One Laptop Per Child plan initiated by President Clinton. Three writers worked on this to be published in the Harvard International Review, which is a extremely respected forum for educational argument. It is use d to demo that Information Technology is cost efficient and in demand by the authorities in instruction. It provides grounds that computing machines will go on to impact instruction ( Pelham, Crabtree & A Nyiri, 2009 ) .Thilmany, J. ( 2008 ) . A fount for you. Mechanical applied science, one hundred thirty ( 9 ) , 18.The American parliamentary law of Mechanical Engineers ( ASME ) reveals a new manner of runing computing machines that is being developed at the University of Washington in Seattle. It describes the manner many things are adjustable to our demands, and it makes a contrast to the manner computing machines have usually been inactive. The new system is described to be used for people with disablements, but it is a good illustration to demo how computing machines can alter for the benefit of each person. The writer is presently one of the Associate Editors of Mechanical Engineering Magazine, the magazine of ASME. The article is from the same magazine. ASME is the takin g professional community to assist applied scientists work out jobs by the usage of communicating. It besides develops codifications and criterions to advance the increment of cognition and safety. The article is used to show how the adaptability of computing machines can forestall a disablement from being a factor for runing a computing machine. It is besides used to in concurrence with another beginning to show how computing machines can accommodate to help acquisition manners ( Thilmany, 2008 ) .Thilmany, J. ( 2009 ) . Calculating. Mechanical Engineering, 131 ( 7 ) , 14-16. dungaree Thilmany covers the application of some of the latest technological thoughts ensuing from the usage of computing machines. The subjects covered are potentially bettering the design of a dust mask, a better apprehension of the behavioural consequence of picture games on pupils, the demand for more coders for the United States to remain up to day of the month in computing machine simulations, a new sig nifier of web that makes it faster to treat big sums of informations, new package utilized to aline a camera to find the working out of the existence. It can be noticed that computing machines are being applied to many different Fieldss, but it does nt indicate that out in the article. The magazine and writer is the same as the old mention. It on occasion quotes research workers, professors, applied scientists, and a plan manager from establishments and refers to major organisations of authoritiess which besides make the article hitherto more utile. The survey of the behavioural consequence of picture games on pupils is used to back up the suggestion made from the old mention by utilizing it as an illustration of an version to video games that resulted in a erudite behaviour form in both surveies, this shows that video games as a acquisition manner was assisted by an accommodation to the game. Part of the article is used to demo a demand by the United States authorities for Inform ation Technology in instruction ( Thilmany, 2009 )Tsung-Yen, C. , & A Wei-Fan, C. ( 2009 ) . Consequence of computer-based picture games on kids An experimental survey. Journal of Educational Technology & A Society, 12 ( 2 ) , 1-10.The writers describe an experimental survey among 3rd graders at Tainan City, Taiwan. It began with a void research hypothesis saying that picture games do non better learning any more than a typical Computer Assisted Instruction ( CAI ) . It statistically concluded that picture games improve larning but did nt better public opinion. It is suggested that the game used was excessively hard to learn judgement accomplishments. This survey is good to demo how computing machines can better larning when applied decently. Both of the writers have Bachelors, Masters, and Doctorate grades. The Journal of Educational engineering & A Society is a quarterly academic diary. The beginning is used to turn out how computing machines can be adjusted to better acquisit ion manners ( Tsung-Yen & A Wei-Fan, 2009 ) .

Introduction to business Essay

A business authority is the antithetical jobs that people do or the different departments that relieve oneself the basis of an organisations structure.The six business functions are Human Resources, Marketing, research and development, production, finance and administration.Human Resources deal with many different aspects of a business. They deal with recruitment, Job descriptions, dismissals, tediousness etc. They in addition have a policy-making role they have to create company policies to create security for people and places deep down the organisation. Human Resources calculate after the people at work, they need to motivate them and in addition look after their take. Human Resources have to help the MD to develop their roles and roles of other employees within the company.One of Human Resources roles is to bargain and negotiate they act as a go-between between different groups with different interests, they also liase with the trade unions. Human Resources also have an administrative role, for example they are responsible for paying wages and supervising and implementing health and safety laws. They also educate and develop the workforce they set on whether or not any of the employees need training.The Marketing function is responsible for finding out what the customer needs and wants and then satisfying these needs and wants in the most cost effective manner. Sales is sometimes combined with marketing, sales has a different role to marketing though, for example sales has to hold up the customer think they want what the company restrains or offers as a service whereas marketing has to get the company to produce what the customer wants.In localise to find out the customers needs and wants they have to carry out primary research such as observations, questionnaires etc along with analysing secondary data. The Marketing department kit and caboodle closely with the production department because the research marketing do will show production wh at the customer wants, how they want it, where they want it and when. Marketing are also responsible for advertising, packaging, promotion, distribution and pricing.If a company wants to expand and grow a research and development department is essential because research and development furthers the companys aims by improving processes and by researching new ideas, processes and products. If a company does nothing to improve processes or invitek ideas then it is highly unlikely that they shall become/ detain successful. If a company is having problems they need to have a research department because some of the work this function carries out can help them to understand what is button wrong. Companies usually set aside available capital in for a research budget because it can cost a lot of money.The Administration function basically deals with every single piece of paper work. Some people may see the admin role as petty and this is strictly untrue. Organisations, especially the bigge r ones depend on their administration department.Administration handles consumer enquiries, communicating messages and producing documents for the company that are accurate. All companies would have an office manager and whereas Human Resources are responsible for deciding if the staff need training the office manager for organising the training, they would advise different departments on the most effective office layout, equipment, work practices and staff development. They analyse admin practices to see if in that respect is any way they could be made better. They provide and maintain communications for the company this would be phones, mail, Internet and also report and provide statistics on company activities. Overall ensuring a good standard of work.The Finance department is in general responsible for monitoring the cash flow (monitoring income/revenue and monitoring expenditure) this is delineate in a final balance sheet, sources and uses of funds are displayed in a P&L acc ount. The chief accountant is responsible for supervising this department.thither are two different types of accounting within a finance department Financial accounting and management accounting. A financial accountant would keep records of all financial events to provide financial summaries on what has happened (Pay wages and keep day to day records) whereas a management accountant would provide the managers with figures to help them check their own decisions, for example costing and pricing decisions, they would also produce budgets. There are also subsections within the finance department these include a cashiers department, which deals mainly with cash transactions, and a wages department, which are responsible for supervising the pay roll i.e. calculating and paying staff wages.The production function includes many different sections to help it run properly, Production and planning set standards and targets for each section of production. They monitor the goods or services th at are being produced to make sure it is of the discipline quantity and quality, a comparator then compares what has been produced to what should have so that they can see if production is running smoothly and effectively.The purchasing dept have to provide the materials and equipment needed to make the product/service so that they can keep the production process working in order, the stores dept stock all tools, raw materials and equipment that is needed and finally there is the design and technical support dept who are responsible for researching improvements on existing products and also researching new ones. A technical department would give advice on working practices in order for them to estimate production costs.

Sociological/Pyschological Criticism in Shirley Jackson’s

Sociological/Psychological criticism on Jacksons The Lottery The villagers in Jacksons The Lottery are crazy and the bosh itself is annoying. The people in Jacksons short stratum run through strange religious beliefs and at cartridge clips seem heartless. Shirley Jackson adds way too many specific expand in the story. All of the unneeded details made this story much longer than it needed to be. Reading Shirley Jacksons The Lottery made me want to slam my computer into a brick wall. The township in Jacksons The Lottery had an odd religious belief.They believed that they had to sacrifice a person once a year in order for their crops to be successful. The villagers are extremely ignorant for thinking that is true. The narrator says it has been a tradition of their culture for many years, but they should have already figured out that this belief is in fact a myth. Not only are they ignorant for believing in this tradition, they are cruel for stoning the victim to death. If they ar e issue to sacrifice on of their people, they could at least hang the person or shoot them in the head so they wont have to stand up for long.Though the villagers think of this day just as normal as any other, June 27th is the day that they perform this messed up ritual. For example, Mrs. Hutchinson arrived late to the lottery because she forgot about it. Wouldnt have me leave mdishes in the sink, now, would you Joe? was her excuse. Mrs. Hutchinson is obviously a crazy and careless individual because she cant even remember what day iodine of the people in her society is going to be murdered.The narrator states that the lottery took less than two hours, so it could begin at 10 oclock in the morning and still be through in time to allow the villagers to get home for noon dinner. This statement shows that the villagers are more disturbed about how long this ritual will last rather than the fact that one of their people is going to be brutally killed. Another statement that proves that the villagers were rush through the ritual carelessly was when Mr. Summers said, Lets finish quickly. Mr. Summers said this immediately after Tessie unfolded the paper which revealed the black dot. Careless and hungry for their noon dinner, the villagers urgently pelted Tessie with stones without giving her any bit of time left on earth. I think the most sickening part of the story was when the kids were running around collecting stones as if it were a game. The kids did not even realize the seriousness of death as they collected weapons that were going to be used to murder an innocent person.The perturbing part is that when those kids become adults they will most likely think that this ritual is completely normal. When they have kids, they will teach them the same awful belief that they were taught during their youth. to a fault how idiotic the villagers were, I disliked all of the unnecessary details Shirley Jackson used in this story. Jackson spent way too much time expl aining how the lottery is setup and how it used to be setup. As soon as you start to think that the lottery is about to begin, Mrs.Hutchinson arrives late, Dunbar was not present, and a tall male child named Watson speaks about how he is drawing for his mother in this years lottery. Once the lottery finally begins, Jackson makes the character, Mr. Summers, list almost every familys name to come draw from the old black box. As the head of each family went to draw from the box, there were comments said to one another that were unneeded in the story. For example, when Steve went to draw from the box, he said, Hi Joe and then Mr.Summers said Hi Steve. As more people walked up to draw from the box, Mrs. Dunbar said to her oldest son, I wish theyd hurry. Immediately after reading that line, I said to myself, me too. I did not enjoy reading Shirley Jacksons The Lottery. The villagers in the story are very careless and cruel people. Not only did I not like the characters, but the story it self. Jacksons short story was long drawn out and boring. Make sure to take ibuprofen before reading awful story.

Nineteen Minutes

The nature versus nurture conflict has continuously been a controversial subject for the public. People want to hunch forward what effects our development, mortalality, and especially our behavior, which seems to overlap the two. The nature side of the argument believes that a human is developed by the genes that argon hard-wired into them. In other words, the reason why this human behaves the path he or she does today is because of the genes he or she were born with. On the other hand is nurture, which says a person is formed into the person they are by the environment.This suggests that a person is born with no inborn tendencies and acquire traits off of the setting and the people they are around. In Nineteen Minutes, by Jodi Picoult, spear Houghton, the main teenage character, suddenly snaps. Prior to beaks murders, he showed no aggression or violence whatsoever. Even his childhood opera hat friend, Josie, who eventually became a member of the popular crowd in school, made e fforts to back him up. The sudden outburst from turncock clearly demonstrated that his environment shaped him into the killer he became. An adolescent can be bent and twisted into a completely different person.Hostile environments, like Sterling for Peter, could distort both type of personality and shape the person in undesirable ways. A famous psychologist, by the name of Sigmund Freud, believed that there was evil built in us all. People, after his while, ran with this naturist belief and also said that it is in ones human nature to do wrong. It is a pessimistic view on the matter, however, they also say that the evil, or wrongdoing, may be brought out with time. Nonetheless, this side of the debate still thinks people are born as thieves, criminals, or in Peters case, murderers.Josies mother, Alex, has a strong premiere impression, from Peters childhood, as she recalls the day when Peter and Josie were compete with the firearms. Alex states, I keep view about him as a litt le boysometimes I can still see him handing you that rifle- (Picoult 170). Alex references the time she walked in on Peter and Josie playing with the firearms, accidently left out by Peters father. She associates him as a little boy and relates it to why she thinks he killed his peers in high school. This is an easy way to blame Peter, despite the fact that he has been tested before by bullies, and never showed any aggression at the time.Also, instead of blaming Peter, the finger should be pointed at Lewis Houghton. He is the one who made Peter knowledgeable about the guns at a young age, and also was irresponsible by leaving them out with kids around. If Peters biological genes were a factor, his aggression should have been presented at a younger age, when the bullying was excessive then too. In contrary to Freuds surmisal on human development, comes behaviorism. This theory, which was created by psychologist John B. Watson, essentially states that every infant is born with a bla nk slate.Meaning that any personality can be molded into what its educator or environment makes it to be. The most influential element of a childs life is clearly the parenting. This makes the child-parent bond the most most-valuable relationship a child has. The way the child is shaped dictates how he or she will view the world, and more importantly themselves. The bullying was immediate for Peter. His first day, on the bus to school, resulted in a lost lunchbox and a few tears. The bullying continued and Peters parents were notified. How Lewis and Lacy Houghton handled the situation is vital.After the repellant incident, in a conversation with Peter, Lacy replies, I know about the lunch boxes. I know whats been going on with the bullyingThe next time it happens, you have to stick up for your ego. You have to, Peter, or IIm going to have to punish you (Picoult 73). The sudden change in Peters guidance is drastic. This new approach for Peter suddenly makes violence acceptable. Eve n though Peter doesnt show it right away, due to shyness, a seed is planted which ultimately grows into the violence he displayed the day of the massacre at Sterling High.This type of shaping taught the child to become violent since he was not already. Due to the young age, the child will obey the parenting without question, or any conscious conflict. When a child reaches adolescence, natural maturity plays a major role in a humans development. The dramatic changes of the body are a big change for any teenager. If ones physical development becomes delayed like Peters, then it can become complicated to live an ordinary high school life. During adolescence is when one determines their identity, and with Peters difficulty to fit in, he had trouble finding who he was.With the stress and anxiety building for Peter, he cant even decipher if he is straight or not. The narrator states, He just wanted to know what it was like to be among guys who were gay, and totally okay with it. He want ed to know if they could get a line at him and know, instantly, that Peter belonged (Picoult 231). Its not that hitting puberty late was a bad thing for Peter, it just made it harder for him to uncover himself. He had to remedy to the extreme by surrounding himself with homosexual men. Also, a run in with Mr. McCabe, a gay teacher at Sterling High, aided the discovery Peter needed to experience that he was straight all along.The confusion and delay of puberty makes it easy for a low self esteem to take place. boss around can be another significant factor in social development. A victim of bullying usually is incapable of having a high self esteem, and sustaining a healthy lifestyle. If bullying is suspected, it is important that the victim has someone to go to. In Peters case he had no one. He intimate early in life that he had to stick up for himself, so his parents were ruled out the equation early. If a victim of bullying cannot seek help, the bullying can cause emotional, so cial, and even academic problems. Peter clearly had problems in these three areas.Combine the pressure built from the bullying with no one to call down to, and Peter was a balloon ready to pop. However, Peter shows no remorse after the incident. When talking to his lawyer he states, Why is everyone so upset that those jerks are dead? I mean people are crying over themand they were assholes, Every ones saying I ruined their lives, but no one seemed to care when my life was the one being ruined (Picoult 134). It is clear to see the damages given to Peter over time. What once seemed like a kid who wouldnt hurt a fly, is now a kid who shows no remorse and is forced to play survival of the fittest.With Peter Houghton as a prime example it is evident that nurture takes its course. Its not that Peter became one of the bullies, rather than he adapted to the dog eat dog world. whatever parent imagines the potential their baby boy or girl can have when it is born. Some kids may be ignored, steered in the wrong direction, or bullied at school. No one can say what his or her child will be like before he or she is born. Nonetheless, every infant tallys. What they learn makes up the world, but they must make up their selves first. The environment around a child is critical to the learning and shaping he or she endures.

The Manchurian Candidate

Films have always been an outlet for a confused society with themes of politics, religion, kind and illness movies are the way the modern world deals with its hardships and examines its own motives and actions. The Manchurian Candidate is one of the more controversial frivol aways in this eye-opening genre, with political themes running crocked throughout in such a way as to seemingly point fingers and make strongly opinionated remarks about our current political situation.The 2004 film was remade from an earlier 1962 version, which before taking that format was actually a novel written by Richard Condon in 1959. Its political premise was originally based on the Cold War the book and the original film shied away from the usual opinion that it was Communists who were solely misguided and instead portrayed a world where Communists, Capitalists and e realbody in between was faulted ideologically. The people in Condons book existed within a conspiratorial net that saw persuade opera tives of the Communist Party seeking to pursue office and exploit their position for monetary gains (Gianos 1998).The 2004 version, by contrast, has been quite clearly adapted for the age of the War on Terror, with Communists replaced by the new perceived enemy, corporate giants, in this case Manchurian world-wide. It becomes clear as the movie progresses that the main characters have been brainwashed by Manchurian Global to protect and kick upstairs the interests of the corporation.One character, under the direct influence of his power hungry mother, seeks election into office, while the other is representative of an entire section of the military in bread and butter his campaign. This latter character, Marco, becomes suspicious of his own actions concerning the vice-presidential rear enddidate, Shaw, when he realizes that he and every other military officer who served with his is using the exact same words to specify their support of the man basically that he is a wonderful man and an excellent soldier who will make the best vice-president.Marco believes he is suffering from a mental illness, and seeks help from the military doctors who are pledged to offer comprehensive care following service in the army. They seem willing to help until Marco finally refuses the pills they keep giving him. He claims they dont work and that he wants something different, however the doctors wont do anything for him in fact they are very concerned about his refusal to accept their treatment. In the end, Marco pieces together the entire story that he has forgotten while serving together in the army, he and his companions, including Shaw, were brainwashed by Manchurian Global to support the candidacy of Shaw while Shaw himself was groomed to take the vice-presidency.Through the brainwashing, the corporation expected to gain high level contracts and a huge amount of money and power. It falls to Marco to expose the plot and explain it to Shaw before he gives the company a nd all the people connected to the plot scarce what they want. It is a story of corruption in government and the overall will of those in powerful places to exploit whoever is necessary to stay on top and meet in the cash.The reverberations of this film in current American politics is very strong and very controversial. Political controversy in film is of course non a new thing Brian Nerve explains that Hollywood has been a refuge for the suspicious world since its earliest days, and that movies like The Manchurian Candidate are non the product of unsound minds but of a lack of transparency throughout the political world (Nerve 1992).This movie in particular has been built upon that ever-present panorama of the American public the conspiracy theory. Whether its a Presidential assassination or a corporate cover-up, Americans want to know every detail and whether or not there are real conspiracies of this magnitude actually occurring is difficult to tell when questions constantly go unanswered and the imagination takes over. More than anything, Manchurian Global has a startling likeness to American corporations like Halliburton, who have in recent years been harshly chided for their role in global inequality and using in the name of money.The people in league with Manchurian Global are portrayed as basically heartless, inhuman and scandalous these elements of scandal can always be found in political films according to Gillespie and Lerner (2000). The producers were well aware of the parallels they were drawing between their characters and the members of Americas present government, and the audience was more often than not predisposed to believe the worst of its government before seeing such a shocking story of manipulation played out for them onscreen. They wonder if they are being brainwashed to accept a fabricated reality, or if they are simply not seeing the whole picture.In its entirety, The Manchurian Candidate has questioned the trueness of media po rtrayals of events in such a way as the American public truly wanted to see however the movie was so undeniably dreaded in its plot details that instead of reinforcing the idea that the government is hiding something from the public all it really did was make the audience question their current beliefs concerning conspiracy. some people are prepared to believe blatant military brainwashing, and this is the major weak point in the film. The Manchurian Candidate is a movie that sets itself farther apart from mainstream entertainment in its political aspects and ideas. It has drawn an audience well-nighly intent on getting angry at the state of government and politics, though unfortunately in the end it falls short. Instead of solidifying current thought patterns or expanding on them, the film merely sparks doubt in the minds of those most willing to believe its plot. All in all, The Manchurian Candidate is quite unworthy of the hype.Works CitedGianos, Phillip. government activity and Politicians in American Film. CT Praeger Publishers, 1998.Nerve, Brian. Film and Politics in America A Social Tradition. New York Routledge, 1992.Schultz, David. Its Show Time Media, Politics, and Popular Culture. New York Peter Lang, 2000.

An Approach to Detect and Prevent Sql Injection Attacks in Database Using Web Service

IJCSNS foreign journal of Computer Science and meshing irregularurity, VOL. 11 No. 1, January 2011 197 An snuggle to Detect and Prevent SQL dead reckoning Attacks in Database Using electronic network work IndraniBalasundaram 1 Dr. E. Ramaraj2 1 Lecturer, Department of Computer Science, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 2 Director of Computer Centre Alagappa University, Karaikudi. Abstract SQL dead reckoning is an attack methodology t lid targets the information residing in a database by dint of the firewall that shields it. The attack takes advantage of poor input validation in code and ebsite administration. SQL dead reckoning Attacks occur when an attacker is able to insert a series of SQL statements in to a interrogation by manipulating enjoymentr input data in to a mesh- base coat, attacker advise take advantages of web finish programming security flaws and pass unexpected malicious SQL statements through a web use for execution by the backend database. This paper proposes a novel specification-based methodology for the streak of SQL injection Attacks. The two to the full(prenominal)est degree important advantages of the new progression against xisting analogous mechanisms are that, first, it checks all forms of SQL injection attacks second, Current proficiency does not let in the exploiter to access database directly in database waiter. The innovative proficiency weathervane military service oriented XPATH authentication Technique is to detect and prevent SQLInjection Attacks in database the deployment of this technique is by generating functions of two filtration models that are progressive Guard and usefulness sensing element of application scripts additionally allowing seam little integration with rate of flowly-deployed systems. General TermsLanguages, Security, Verification, Experimentation. Keywords Database security, ball-wide web, web application security, SQL injection attacks, Run sentence Monitoring changes t o data. The fear of SQL injection attacks has become increasely frequent and serious. . SQL-Injection Attacks are a class of attacks that many of these systems are highly vulnerable to, and in that respect is no known fool-proof defend against such attacks. Compromise of these web applications establishs a serious threat to organizations that view as deployed them, and also to substance abusers who trust these systems to store confidential data. The meshwork applications hat are vulnerable to SQL-Injection attacks user inputs the attackers embeds commands and gets executed 4. The attackers directly access the database underlying an application and leak or alter confidential information and execute malicious code 12. In some cases, attackers even use an SQL Injection vulnerability to take control and corrupt the system that hosts the electronic network application. The increasing number of web applications falling prey to these attacks is alarmingly high 3 Prevention of SQLIAs is a major challenge. It is difficult to see and enforce a uncompromising defensive coding discipline. Many olutions based on defensive coding address only a subset of the possible attacks. Evaluation of Web redevelopment Oriented XPATH Authentication Technique has no code modification as well as automation of detection and prevention of SQL Injection Attacks. Recent U. S. industry regulations such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 5 pertaining to information security, try to enforce strict security compliance by application vendors. 1. Introduction 1. 1 SAMPLE APPLICATION training is the most important business asset in todays environment and achieving an appropriate level of education Security. SQL-Injection Attacks (SQLIAs) re one of the topmost threats for web application security. For example financial fraud, theft confidential data, deface website, sabotage, espionage and cyber terrorism. The evaluation process of security tools for detection and prevention of SQLIAs. To implem ent security guidelines inside or outside the database it is recommended to access the sensitive databases should be monitored. It is a hacking technique in which the attacker adds SQL statements through a web applications input fields or hidden parameters to gain access to resources or make Application that throw SQL Injection vulnerability.The example refers to a fairly simple vulnerability that could be prevented using a straightforward coding fix. This example is simply use for illustrative purposes because it is easy to understand and general enough to illustrate many different types of attacks. The code in the example uses the input parameters LoginID, password to dynamically build an SQL query and submit it to a database. For example, if a user submits loginID and password as hidden, and 123, the application dynamically builds and submits the query Manuscript received January 5, 2011 Manuscript revised January 20, 2011 198IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science a nd Network Security, VOL. 11 No. 1, January 2011 have * from FROM loginID=secret AND pass1=123 user_info WHERE If the loginID and password jibe the corresponding entry in the database, it will be redirect to user_main. aspx page other wise it will be redirect to error. aspx page. 1. dim loginId, Password as string 2. loginId = Text1. Text 3. password = Text2. Text 3. cn. open() 4. qry=select * from user_info where LoginID= & loginID & and pass1= & password & 5. cmd=new sqlcommand(qry,cn) 6. rd=cmd. executereader() 7. if (rd. Read=True) Then 8. Response. redirect(user_main. spx) 9. else 10. Response. redirect(error. aspx) 11. end if 12. cn. close() 13. cmd. dispose() b. Union Query In union-query attacks, Attackers do this by injecting a statement of the form UNION SELECT because the attackers completely control the second/injected query they basis use that query to retrieve information from a specified skirt. The go of this attack is that the database returns a dataset that i s the union of the results of the original first query and the results of the injected second query. Example An attacker could inject the text UNION SELECT pass1 from user_info where LoginID=secret - nto the login field, which produces the following query SELECT pass1 FROM user_info WHERE loginID= UNION SELECT pass1 from user_info where LoginID=secret AND pass1= Assuming that there is no login equal to , the original first query returns the futile set, whereas the second query returns data from the user_info table. In this case, the database would return column pass1 for account secret. The database takes the results of these two queries, unions them, and returns them to the application. In many applications, the effect of this operation is that the value for pass1 is displayed on with the account informationFigure 1 Example of . NET code implementation. 1. 2 Techniques of SQLIAS Most of the attacks are not in isolated they are employ unitedly or sequentially, depending on th e specific goals of the attacker. a. Tautologies Tautology-based attack is to inject code in one or more conditional statements so that they always evaluate to true. The most common usages of this technique are to bypass authentication pages and extract data. If the attack is successful when the code either displays all of the returned records or performs some action if at least one record is returned. Example In this example attack, an attacker submits or 1=1 -The Query for Login mode is SELECT * FROM user_info WHERE loginID= or 1=1 AND pass1= The code injected in the conditional (OR 1=1) transforms the entire WHERE clause into a tautology the query evaluates to true for each row in the table and returns all of them. In our example, the returned set evaluates to a not null value, which causes the application to conclude that the user authentication was successful. Therefore, the application would invoke method user_main. aspx and to access the application 6 7 8. c. Stored Proce dures SQL Injection Attacks of this type try to execute stored procedures present in the database.Today, most database vendors ship databases with a standard set of stored procedures that extend the functionality of the database and allow for interaction with the operational system. Therefore, once an attacker determines which backend database is in use, SQLIAs can be crafted to execute stored procedures provided by that specific database, including procedures that interact with the operating system. It is a common misconception that using stored procedures to write Web applications renders them invulnerable to SQLIAs. Developers are often surprised to find that their stored procedures can be just as vulnerable o attacks as their normal applications 18, 24. Additionally, because stored procedures are often written in special scripting lyric poems, they can contain other types of vulnerabilities, such as buffer overflows, that allow attackers to run arbitrary code on the emcee or escalate their privileges. CREATE number DBO. UserValid(LoginID varchar2, pass1 varchar2 AS EXEC(SELECT * FROM user_info WHERE loginID= emailprotected+ and pass1= emailprotected+ )GO Example This example demonstrates how a parameterized stored procedure can be exploited via an SQLIA. In the example, we assume that the query string constructed at ines 5, 6 and 7 of our example has been replaced by a call IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL. 11 No. 1, January 2011 to the stored procedure defined in Figure 2. The stored procedure returns a true/ phoney value to indicate whether the users credentials authenticated correctly. To launch an SQLIA, the attacker simply injects occlusion into either the LoginID or pass1 fields. This injection causes the stored procedure to dedicate the following query SELECT * FROM user_info WHERE loginID=secret AND pass1= SHUTDOWN -At this point, this attack works like a piggy-back attack.The first query is ex ecuted normally, and then the second, malicious query is executed, which results in a database shut down. This example shows that stored procedures can be vulnerable to the comparable range of attacks as traditional application code 6 11 12 10 13 14 15. d. Extended stored procedures IIS(Internet Information helps) Reset There are several extensive stored procedures that can cause permanent damage to a system19. Extended stored procedure can be executed by using login form with an injected command as the LoginId LoginIdexecmaster.. xp_xxx-Password some(prenominal)thing LoginIdexecmaster.. p_cmdshelliisreset-PasswordAnything select password from user_info where LoginId= exec master.. xp_cmdshell iisreset and Password= This Attack is apply to stop the service of the web legion of finical Web application. Stored procedures primarily consist of SQL commands, while XPs can provide entirely new functions via their code. An attacker can take advantage of extended stored procedure by entering a suitable command. This is possible if there is no proper input validation. xp_cmdshell is a built-in extended stored procedure that allows the execution of arbitrary command lines. For example exec master.. p_cmdshell dir will obtain a directory listing of the current operative directory of the SQL Server process. In this example, the attacker may try entering the following input into a search form can be used for the attack. When the query string is parsed and sent to SQL Server, the server will process the following code SELECT * FROM user_info WHERE input text = exec master.. xp_cmdshell LoginId /DELETE 199 Here, the first adept acknowledgment entered by the user closes the string and SQL Server executes the next SQL statements in the batch including a command to delete a LoginId to the user_info table in the database. . twitch Encodings Alternate encodings do not provide any unique way to attack an application they are simply an enabling technique that allows att ackers to evade detection and prevention techniques and exploit vulnerabilities that might not otherwise be exploitable. These evasion techniques are often necessary because a common defensive coding practice is to view for certain known bad characters, such as superstar quotes and comment operators. To evade this defense, attackers have employed tag on methods of encoding their attack strings (e. g. , using hex, ASCII, and Unicode character encoding).Common scanning and detection techniques do not try to evaluate all specially encoded strings, consequently allowing these attacks to go undetected. Contributing to the problem is that different works in an application have different ways of handling alternate encodings. The application may scan for certain types of escape characters that represent alternate encodings in its language domain. Another layer (e. g. , the database) may use different escape characters or even completely different ways of encoding. For example, a datab ase could use the expression char(120) to represent an alternately-encoded character x, but char(120) has no special meaning in the application languages context. An effective code-based defense against alternate encodings is difficult to implement in practice because it requires developers to consider of all of the possible encodings that could affect a given query string as it passes through the different application layers. Therefore, attackers have been very successful in using alternate encodings to conceal their attack strings. Example Because every type of attack could be represented using an alternate encoding, here we simply provide an example of how esoteric an alternativelyencoded attack could appear.In this attack, the following text is injected into the login field secret exec(0x73687574646f776e) . The resulting query generated by the application is SELECT * FROM user_info WHERE loginID=secret exec(char(0x73687574646f776e)) AND pass1= This example makes use of the ch ar() function and of ASCII hexadecimal encoding. The char() function takes as a parameter an integer or hexadecimal encoding of a character and returns an sheath of that character. The stream of numbers in the second part of the injection is the 200 IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL. 11 No. , January 2011 ASCII hexadecimal encoding of the string SHUTDOWN. Therefore, when the query is interpreted by the database, it would result in the execution, by the database, of the SHUTDOWN command. References 6 f. Deny Database service This attack used in the websites to have a go at it a denial of service by shutting down the SQL Server. A powerful command recognized by SQL Server is SHUTDOWN WITH NOWAIT 19. This causes the server to shutdown, at one time stopping the Windows service. After this command has been issued, the service must be manually restarted by the administrator. select password from user_info whereLoginId=shutdown with nowait and Password=0 The character sequence is the single line comment sequence in Transact SQL, and the character denotes the end of one query and the beginning of another. If he has used the default sa account, or has acquired the required privileges, SQL server will shut down, and will require a restart in order to function again. This attack is used to stop the database service of a particular web application. Select * from user_info where LoginId=1xp_cmdshell format c/q /yes drop database mydb AND pass1 = 0 This command is used to format the C drive used by the ttacker. 2. think Work There are animate techniques that can be used to detect and prevent input manipulation vulnerabilities. 2. 1 Web Vulnerability examine Web vulnerability scanners crawl and scan for web vulnerabilities by using software agents. These tools perform attacks against web applications, usually in a black-box fashion, and detect vulnerabilities by observing the applications response to the attacks 18. Howeve r, without exact knowledge about the internal structure of applications, a black-box approach might not have enough test cases to let on existing vulnerabilities and also have alse positives. 2. 2 Intrusion Detection System (IDS) Valeur and colleagues 17 propose the use of an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect SQLIA. Their IDS system is based on a machine learning technique that is trained using a set of typical application queries. The technique builds models of the typical queries and then monitors the application at runtime to identify queries that do not match the model in that it builds expected query models and then checks dynamically-generated queries for compliance with the model. Their technique, however, like most techniques based on learning, can generate large umber of false positive in the absence of an optimal training set. Su and Wassermann 8 propose a solution to prevent SQLIAs by analyzing the parse tree of the statement, generating custom validation code, and wrapping the vulnerable statement in the validation code. They conducted a study using five real world web applications and applied their SQLCHECK wrapper to each application. They found that their wrapper stopped all of the SQLIAs in their attack set without generating any false positives. While their wrapper was effective in preventing SQLIAs with modern attack structures, we hope to shift the focus rom the structure of the attacks and onto removing the SQLIVs. 2. 3 Combined Static and Dynamic Analysis. AMNESIA is a model-based technique that combines static analysis and runtime monitoring 17. In its static phase, AMNESIA uses static analysis to build models of the different types of queries an application can legally generate at each point of access to the database. In its dynamic phase, AMNESIA intercepts all queries before they are sent to the database and checks each query against the statically built models. Queries that debase the model are identified as SQLIAs and pr evented from executing on the database.In their evaluation, the authors have shown that this technique performs well against SQLIAs. The primary limitation of this technique is that its success is pendant on the accuracy of its static analysis for building query models. Certain types of code obfuscation or query development techniques could make this step less precise and result in both false positives and false negatives Livshits and Lam 16 use static analysis techniques to detect vulnerabilities in software. The basic approach is to use information flow techniques to detect when tainted input has been used to construct an SQL query. These ueries are then swagged as SQLIA vulnerabilities. The authors demonstrate the viability of their technique by using this approach to find security vulnerabilities in a benchmark suite. The primary limitation of this approach is that it can detect only known patterns of SQLIAs and, IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Sec urity, VOL. 11 No. 1, January 2011 because it uses a conservative analysis and has limited support for untainting operations, can generate a relatively high amount of false positives. Wassermann and Su propose an approach that uses static analysis combined with automated reasoning to verify that he SQL queries generated in the application layer cannot contain a tautology 9. The primary drawback of this technique is that its scope is limited to detecting and preventing tautologies and cannot detect other types of attacks. 3. Proposed Technique This Technique is used to detect and prevent SQLIAs with runtime monitoring. The solution insights behind the technique are that for each application, when the login page is redirected to our checking page, it was to detect and prevent SQL Injection attacks without stopping sure accesses. Moreover, this technique proved to be efficient, dire only a low overhead on the Web pplications. The contribution of this work is as follows A new automate d technique for preventing SQLIAs where no code modification required, Webservice which has the functions of db_2_XMLGenrerator and XPATH_ Validator such that it is an XML query language to select specific parts of an XML document. XPATH is simply the ability to traverse nodes from XML and obtain information. It is used for the temporary fund of sensitive datas from the database, Active Guard model is used to detect and prevent SQL Injection attacks. Service Detector model allow the authenticate or legitimate user to access the web applications.The SQLIAs are captured by altered logical flow of the application. Innovative technique (figure1) monitors dynamically generated queries with Active Guard model and Service Detector model at runtime and check them for compliance. If the Data Comparison violates the model then it represents potential SQLIAs and prevented from executing on the database. This proposed technique consists of two filtration models to prevent SQLIAS. 1) Active Gu ard filtration model 2) Service Detector filtration model. The steps are summarized and then describe them in more stop in following sections. a. Active Guard Filtration ModelActive Guard Filtration Model in application layer build a efficiency detector to detect and prevent the strength characters or Meta characters to prevent the malicious attacks from accessing the datas from database. b. Service Detector Filtration Model Service Detector Filtration Model in application layer validates user input from XPATH_Validator where the Sensitive datas are stored from the Database at second 201 level filtration model. The user input fields compare with the data existed in XPATH_Validator if it is identical then the Authenticated /legitimate user is allowed to proceed. c. Web Service LayerWeb service builds two types of execution process that are DB_2_Xml generator and XPATH_ Validator. DB_2_Xml generator is used to create a separate temporary storage of Xml document from database where the Sensitive datas are stored in XPATH_ Validator, The user input field from the Service Detector compare with the data existed in XPATH_ Validator, if the datas are similar XPATH_ Validator send a flag with the count iterator value = 1 to the Service Detector by signifying the user data is valid. Procedures Executed in Active Guard maneuver stripQuotes(ByVal strWords) stripQuotes = Replace(strWords, , ) Return stripQuotes fire Function Function killChars(ByVal strWords) wearisome arr1 As youthful ArrayList arr1. Add(select) arr1. Add() arr1. Add(drop) arr1. Add() arr1. Add(insert) arr1. Add(delete) arr1. Add(xp_) arr1. Add() Dim i As Integer For i = 0 To arr1. Count 1 strWords = Replace(strWords, arr1. Item(i), , , , CompareMethod. Text) Next Return strWords End Function IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL. 11 No. 1, January 2011 202 Figure 2 proposed Architecture Procedures Executed in Service Detector navi. Compile(/Main_Tag/DetailsLogi nId= & userName & and Password= & Password & ) _Public Sub Db_2_XML() adapt=New SqlDataAdapter(select LoginId,Password from user_info, cn) Dim nodes As XPathNodeIterator = navi. Select(expr) Dim count2 As Integer = nodes. Count. ToString() Return count2 dst = New DataSet(Main_Tag) End Function adapt. Fill(dst, Details) dst. WriteXml(Server. MapPath(XML_DATAXML_D ATA. xml)) End Sub Procedures Executed in Web Service _ Public Function XPath_XML_Validation(ByVal userName As String, ByVal Password As Integer) As Integer Dim xpathdoc As New XPathDocument(Server. MapPath(XML_DATAX ML_DATA. xml)) Dim navi As XPathNavigator = xpathdoc. CreateNavigator() Dim expr As XPathExpression = . Identify hotspot This step performs a simple scanning of the application code to identify hotspots. Each hotspot will be verified with the Active Server to remove the susceptibility character the sample code (figure 2) states two hotspots with a single query execution. (In . NET based applications, interactio ns with the database occur through calls to specific methods in the System. Data. Sqlclient namespace, 1 such as Sqlcommand- . ExecuteReader (String)) the hotspot is instrumented with monitor code, which matches dynamically generated queries against query models. If a generated query is matched with Active Guard, then it is onsidered an attack. 3. 1 Comparison of Data at Runtime Monitoring When a Web application fails to properly sanitize the parameters, which are passed to, dynamically created SQL statements (even when using parameterization techniques) it is possible for an attacker to alter the construction of back-end SQL statements. IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL. 11 No. 1, January 2011 When an attacker is able to interchange an SQL statement, the statement will execute with the same rights as the application user when using the SQL server to execute commands that interact with the operating system, the rocess will run with the same permissions as the component that executed the command (e. g. , database server, application server, or Web server), which is often highly privileged. Current technique (Figure 1) append with Active Guard, to validate the user input fields to detect the Meta character and prevent the malicious attacker. Transact-SQL statements will be prohibited directly from user input. For each hotspot, statically build a Susceptibility detector in Active Guard to check any malicious strings or characters append SQL tokens (SQL keywords and operators), delimiters, or string tokens to the legitimate command.Concurrently in Web service the DB_2_Xml Generator generates a XML document from database and stored in X_PATH Validator. Service Detector receive the validated user input from Active Guard and send through the protocol slime (Simple Object Access Protocol) to the web service from the web service the user input data compare with XML_Validator if it is identical the XML_Validator send a flag as a iterator count value = 1 to Service Detector through the SOAP protocol then the legitimate/valid user is Authenticated to access the web application, If the data mismatches the XML_Validator send a flag as a count alue = 0 to Service Detector through the SOAP protocol then the illegitimate/invalid user is not Authenticated to access the web application. In figure 3 In the existing technique query validation occur to validate a Authenticated user and the user directly access the database but in the current technique, there is no query validation . From the Active Guard the validated user input fields compare with the Service Detector where the Sensitive data is stored, db_2_XML Generator is used to generate a XML file and initialize to the class XPATH document the instance Navigator is used to search by using cursor in the selected XML document.With in the XPATH validator, Compile is a method which is used to match the element with the existing document. The navigator will be creat ed in the xpathdocument using select method result will be redirected to the XPATH node iterator. The node iterator count value may be 1 or 0, If the flag value result in Service Detector as 1 then the user consider as Legitimate user and allowed to access the web application as the same the flag value result in Service Detector as 0 then the user consider as Malicious user and reject/ blackball from accessing the web application If the script builds an SQL query by concatenating hard-coded trings together with a string entered by the user, As long as injected SQL code is syntactically correct, tamper cannot be detected programmatically. String concatenation is the primary point of entry for script injection Therefore, 203 we Compare all user input carefully with Service Detector (Second filtration model). If the user input and Sensitive datas are identical then executes constructed SQL commands in the Application server. Existing techniques directly allows accessing the database i n database server after the Query validation. Web Service Oriented XPATH Authentication Technique does not allow directly to ccess database in database server. 4. EVALUATIONS The proposed technique is deployed and tried few endeavor runs on the web server. Table 1 SQLIAS Prevention Accuracy SQL Injection Types Unprotected Protected 1. TAUTOLOGIES Not Prevented Prevented 2. PIGGY BACKED QUERIES Not Prevented Prevented 3. STORED PROCEDURE Not Prevented Prevented 4. ALTERNATIVE ENCODING Not Prevented Prevented 5. UNION Not Prevented Prevented Table 2 Execution succession comparison for proposed technique Total Number of Entries in Database Execution Time in Millisecond Existing Proposed Technique Technique 1000 1640000 46000 2000 1420000 93000 3000 1040000 6000 4000 1210000 62000 5000 1670000 78000 6000 1390000 107000 The above given table 2 illustrate the execution time taken for the proposed technique with the existing technique. 4. 1 SQLIA Prevention Accuracy Both the protected an d unprotected web Applications are tested using different types of SQLIAs namely use of Tautologies, Union, Piggy-Backed Queries, Inserting additional SQL statements, Second-order SQL injection and various other SQLIA s. Table 1 shows that the proposed technique prevented all types of SQLIA s in all cases. The proposed technique is thus a secure and robust solution to defend against SQLIAsIJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL. 11 No. 1, January 2011 204 4. 2 Execution Time at Runtime Validation The runtime validation incurs some overhead in terms of execution time at both the Web Service Oriented XPATH Authentication Technique and SQL-Query based Validation Technique. Taken a sample website ETransaction measured the extra computation time at the query validation, this delay has been amplified in the represent (figure 4 and figure5) to distinguish between the Time delays using bar chart shows that the data validation in XML_Validator performs bet ter than query validation.In Query validation(figure5) the user input is generated as a query in script locomotive then it gets parsed in to separate tokens then the user input is compared with the statistical generated data if it is malicious generates error reporting. Web Service Oriented XPATH Authentication Technique (figure 4) states that user input is generated as a query in script engine then it gets parsed in to separate tokens, and send through the protocol SOAP to Susceptibility Detector, then the validated user data is sequentially send to Service Detector through the protocol SOAP then the user input is ompared with the sensitive data, which is temporarily stored in dataset. If it is malicious data, it will be prevented otherwise the legitimate data is allowed to access the Web application. 5. CONCLUSION SQL Injection Attacks attempts to modify the parameters of a Web-based application in order to alter the SQL statements that are parsed to retrieve data from the databa se. Any procedure that constructs SQL statements could potentially be vulnerable, as the diverse nature of SQL and the methods available for constructing it provide a wealth of coding options. 1800000 Execution time in Milli Sec 1600000 1400000 1200000 000000 Proposed Technique Existing Technique 800000 600000 400000 200000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Total Number of Entries in Database Figure4 Execution Time comparison for proposed technique (data validation in X-path) with existing technique The primary form of SQL injection consists of direct insertion of code into parameters that are concatenated with SQL commands and executed. This technique is used to detect and prevent the SQLI flaw (Susceptibility characters & exploiting SQL commands) in Susceptibility Detector and prevent the Susceptibility attacker Web Service Oriented XPATH Authentication Technique hecks the user input with valid database which is stored separately in XPATH and do not affect database directly then the validated user input field is allowed to access the web application as well as used to improve the performance of the server side validation This proposed technique was able to suitably classify the attacks that performed on the applications without blocking legitimate accesses to the database (i. e. , the technique produced neither false positives nor false negatives). These results show that our technique represents a promising approach to countering SQLIAs and motivate further work in this irection References 1 William G. J. Halfond and Alessandro Orso , AMNESIA Analysis and Monitoring for Neutralizing SQLInjection Attacks, ASE05, November 711, 2005 2 William G. J. Hal fond and Alessandro Orso, A Classification of SQL injection attacks and countermeasures,proc IEEE intl Symp. Secure Software Engg. , Mar. 2006. IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL. 11 No. 1, January 2011 3 Muthuprasanna, Ke Wei, Suraj Kothari, Eliminating SQL Injection Attack s A TransparentDefenceMechanism, SQL Injection Attacks Prof. Jim Whitehead CMPS 183. Spring 2006, May 17, 2006 4 William G. J. Hal fond, Alessandro Orso, WASP Protecting Web Applications Using Positive Tainting and Syntax-Aware Evaluation IEEE Software Engineering, VOL. 34, NO. 1January/February 2008 5 K. Beaver, Achieving Sarbanes-Oxley compliance for Web applications, http//www. spidynamics. com/support/whitepapers/, 2003 6 C. Anley, Advanced SQL Injection In SQL Server Applications, White paper, Next Generation Security Software Ltd. , 2002. 7 W. G. J. Halfond and A. Orso, Combining Static Analysis and Runtime Monitoring to retort SQL Injection Attacks, 3rd International Workshop on Dynamic Analysis, 2005, pp. 7 8 Z. Su and G. Wassermann, The Essence of Command Injection Attacks in Web Applications, 33rd ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of schedule Languages, 2006, pp. 372-382. 9 G. Wassermann and Z. Su. An Analysis Framework for Security in Web Applications. In Proc eedings of the FSE Workshop on Specification and Verification of componentBased Systems (SAVCBS 2004), pages 7078, 2004. 10 P. Finnigan, SQL Injection and Oracle move 1 & 2, Technical Report, Security Focus, November 2002. http//securityfocus. com/infocus/1644 11 F. Bouma, Stored Procedures are Bad, Okay, Technical report,Asp. Net Weblogs, November 2003. http//weblogs. asp. net/fbouma/archive/2003/11/18/38178. as px. 12 E. M. Fayo, Advanced SQL Injection in Oracle Databases, Technical report, Argeniss Information Security, Black Hat Briefings, Black Hat USA, 2005. 13 C. A. Mackay, SQL Injection Attacks and Some Tips on How to Prevent them, Technical report, The Code Project, January 2005. http//www. codeproject. com/cs/database/ qlInjectionAttacks. asp. 14 S. McDonald. SQL Injection Modes of attack, defense, and why it matters. White paper, GovernmentSecurity. org, April 2002. http//www. governmentsecurity. rg/articles/SQLInjectionM odesofAttackDefenceandWhyItMatters. php 15 S. La bs. SQL Injection. White paper, SPI Dynamics, Inc. ,2002. http//www. spidynamics. com/assets/documents/Whitepaper SQLInjection. pdf. 16 V. B. Livshits and M. S. Lam. Finding Security Errors in Java Programs with Static Analysis. In Proceedings of the 14th Usenix Security Symposium, pages 271286, Aug. 2005. 17 F. Valeur and D. Mutz and G. Vigna A Learning-Based Approach to the Detection of SQL Attacks, In Proceedings of the Conference on Detection of Intrusions and Malware Vulnerability Assessment (DIMVA), July 2005. 18 Kals, S. Kirda, E. , Kruegel, C. , and Jovanovic, N. 2006. SecuBat a web vulnerability scanner. In Proceedings of the 205 15th International Conference on World Wide Web. WWW 06. ACM Press, pp. 247-256. 19 Sql injection HSC Guides Web App Security Written by Ethical Hacker sunday, 17 February 2008. http//sqlinjections. blogspot. com/2009/04/sql-injection-hscguides-web-app. html. Prof. E. Ramaraj is presently working as a Technology Advisor, Madurai Kamaraj Universit y, Madurai, Tamilnadu, India on lien from Director, computer centre at Alagappa university, Karaikudi. He has 22 historic period teaching experience and 8 years esearch experience. He has presented research papers in more than 50 national and outside(a) conferences and published more than 55 papers in national and international journals. His research areas include Data mining, software engineering, database and network security. B. Indrani received the B. Sc. degree in Computer Science, in 2002 the M. Sc. degree in Computer Science and Information Technology, in 2004. She had completed M. Phil. in Computer Science. She worked as a Research Assistant in Smart and Secure Environment Lab under IIT, Madras. Her current research interests include Database Security.

“No Sugar”: analysis of the play Essay

One tribe One land thats how the neats saw it digest in the early 19 hundreds of the Australian settlement. They didnt recognise the key people to be as people, to them they were but cheap labour. The Australian drama No Sugar gives us an insight into this through the lives of a few aboriginal people. The play shows how aboriginal people lose their way and become more dependent on the white man and how the whites used this position of power of them. One cannot survive unless one has ones purpose. To aboriginal people their purpose was unrecognised due to the destruction of their past. Which meant that their purpose was unconnected and without that they faded away with dish out by the white man.The play is set in the 1929 in Western Australia, in a polished settlement c in alled Moore River. The story behind the play is about an aboriginal family and how they work to gain their purpose and shin to survive. This is well characterised and through its characters we are able to see the theme to the play that one must have ones purpose in arrange to survive. Characters like Jimmy Munday and Joe represent the stronger aboriginal, the side that stands up to the white man, the side that dont step back but take a few move forward. Their courage and willingness to gain their purpose is passed on to the other aboriginal people passim the play and serve well bring the aboriginal closer.The theme of the play is a very powerful one as it asks the watchman to think and question himself or herself on to what is their own purpose and how could they achieve their purpose if they have not found it. One has to have ones purpose in order to survive. For the aboriginal people their survive was washy for the fact they had no purpose but to server and live like the whites had showed them how. In settlements or on the street not giving them the right to vote the rights whites had because the white people were afraid of them. They thought that if we allow one we would h ave to let them all and if one can do a white persons meditate better then a white man. ThenAboriginal people would takeover and white people were afraid of aboriginals having power over them. They enforced laws that werent set for the white man. Laws that made sure thither could only be one power and that was white and not black.Weve seen this racial hate, this black against white throughout history. The American civil war, the apartheid in South Africa and now we see it in our own country a place we call free. The aboriginal people saw different they saw only the lines of hate, the lines of white power over black, the segregation that blinded people to think that everything was moral ok. When in fact people were existence used as cheap labour and werent given a choice, for if you did not accept you were case into gaol.I believe that the message to the play is true and that one has to have ones purpose in order to survive otherwise one lose everything. For the aboriginal people they lost their way. The way of the dream measure, the stories that used to be past on to generation to generation was been forgotten and that only the elders knew of the stories, the poems and the songs. The elders were fading away and each time one passed a story or a song was forgotten and without these the aboriginal people lost their purpose and turned to the white man to find a new purpose but all they found was lies.

Outline of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt

Introduction Throughout history, humans have been migrating in and out and settling in dissimilar aras of the region. Migrating and settling causes people to come together and spread their ideas to others which causes civilizations. Each civilization is created to be equal simply separate in their own ways. They are all related to each other in incompatible ways. They have shared similar beliefs, experiences and obstacles. They are two unique culturally, politically and socially. * Thesis Two civilizations which are similar and different individually are Egypt and Mesopotamia.II. Differences * Geographical Differences 1. Egypt developed North and South hugging the banks of the Nile River Valley. * The Nile River systematically floods which flooded the surrounding banks and made the soil exceptionally rich. * Egypt bordered on the side of sea and sweetness which was difficult to invade and conquer it. 2. Mesopotamia has the Tigris and Euphrates River, commonly referred to Ferti le Crescent. * Mesopotamia was formed in between these two rivers. * When Mesopotamia has a flood, they are forced to supply their agricultural lands. Mesopotamia land was easily opened for attack. * Writing Differences 1. Egypt created Hieroglyphics which developed from pictographs to ripe letters. 2. Mesopotamia created cuneiforms which are wedged shaped characters * Political Differences 1. Egypt had a Pharaoh which was passed down from father to son that established a long lasting dynasty. * The Pharaoh was viewed as god-liked and has magical powers. 2. Mesopotamia had a king but their king was usually deposed by invading forces due to the areas poor defensive position. Social Differences 1. In Egypt females had more opportunities to rise in heart 2. Mesopotamia had different classes of slaves but all were still treated as properties. * Cultural Differences 1. Egypt did not have a law system set at the time 2. Mesopotamia had the Hammurabi Code which were orders given to chao tic places* Egypt had a perennial continuous civilization than Mesopotamia III. Similarities * They were both similar by being polytheistic, believing in more than wiz god * They both later moved to a sort of monarchy Both of their system led to the macrocosm of strict social classes that usually included a class for priests, traders, farmers and laborers. * Egypt and Mesopotamia both created pyramid structures * These two civilizations both first developed advance systems of writing. * Egypt and Mesopotamia created calendars beginning with the suns or moons wheel * These two civilizations both used their main rivers for trades and access to a major source of fresh piddle. * They used their river valleys for water for fertile crops and both have floods. Both of these civilization has structures which organizes classes within groups IV. Conclusion * Restate thesis * cashbox this day, ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia are still known as a huge impact in history. * shortened summary of the important similarities and differences * Why was the history of these two civilizations important? * What were some things that these civilization spread throughout and the result of it? * How are these two civilization related to today? * Analysis of this essay * End with a personal statement