Report on EGG bank Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Report on EGG bank - Essay Example As indicated by this change, banks are required increment their measure of capital so as to help their exercises. Banks are as yet uncertain how solid the changes will be and what will be its effects. The credit crunch has likewise had its effect on the UK banking segment. Bank of England is marginally changing its money related arrangement as a methods for quantitative facilitating trusting that the monetary conditions would turn out to be better. UK is additionally working in close joint efforts with China so as to build up the monetary and capital markets. Numerous occupations have been lost because of monetary log jam that has hugy affected the reasoning and the interest of the populace. Individuals are presently turning away from the banks as they have no methods for re-installments of credits from the banks. Likewise numerous individuals are not interested in the items that are offered by the banks and are searching for some better choices in which they could contribute. Innovative forward leaps are happening everywhere throughout the world and not simply in UK. The banks that were working disconnected are currently setting up themselves over the web offering a bigger number of items for unexpected fragments in comparison to they were doing in their workplaces. The quick movement of banks on the web has presented another financial industry called e-banking. Banks are presently battling to catch more objective markets than their opposition by methods for substantial on the web and disconnected advertising. The legitimate issues concerning the financial business is the place they would put away people’s cash as the clients request subtleties and assurance on their profits. The desk work and records on the customers’ data just as the banks’ data is currently of indispensable significance before going into an exchange because of expanded deceitful exercises. Banks are determining their battles toward green and neighborly condition as a methods for drawing in new potential

CASE ASSIGNMENT MODULE 5 Performance Management Essay

CASE ASSIGNMENT MODULE 5 Performance Management - Essay Example Execution of representatives is plainly affected by the exhibition the executives frameworks utilized inside an organization. These frameworks additionally help the HR group to manage different chances and furthermore help in growing new vocation choices and development levels in like manner. A very much arranged and executed framework can end up being the achievement factor for the business (Armstrong and Baron). Execution the executives frameworks help in building up the skills of the workforce just as help in recognizing the week regions of the representatives. This can be utilized as a strategy to beat the shortcomings of the workers and to create them to turn out to be acceptable in the specific zone (Smither). Additionally the presentation the executives frameworks help in nonstop checking and help in better in general execution of the workers. Considering a China †US Joint endeavor, the primary zone that should be considered is the requirement for steady checking. Here th e organization needs to guarantee that all representatives are checked continually, to help gain the best outcomes. Overseeing execution can be an aftereffect of numerous distinction strategies like preparing and improvement, coaching, the executives of stress, serious evaluations and furthermore thoughts like execution examinations (FSA). When there is a joint endeavor, guarantee that the social contrasts are remembered while building up the presentation the board frameworks. The reason for a fruitful execution the executives framework is compelling correspondence of the objectives and obligations both to the workers just as to the overseeing people inside the organization. In the event that the representatives are clear about their job, and the part they play inside an organization, the commitment will be likewise and will help in keeping up to the normal execution too (Rollo). The second pivotal stage here is the observing of the people and to guarantee that the business executio n is additionally all around followed and centered upon (Daniels and Daniels). Checking the business and the people inside the organization helps the supervisors and top administration give productive criticism to the workers and furthermore continually requires the directors to reestablish the principle objectives and targets of the organization (Paladino). Here the administration can set out the desires for the association viably and furnish the workers with a make way of their obligations. This is vital particularly in a multi social association as it helps in more advantageous working condition and better execution overall. At last, it is urgent to actualize a reasonable compensating structure for the workers of China just as the US associations and here the genuine presentation of the representatives should be thought of while giving both money related just as non fiscal advantages (FSA). The previously mentioned focuses will profit the general execution of the presentation the board frameworks and these will permit building up a viable framework (Smither). Here for this situation, since the joint endeavor is between two global firms, thus, there are various worldwide contemplations that likewise should be tended to while creating and actualizing the presentation the board frameworks (Daniels and Daniels). Of these, the as a matter of first importance factor that needs thought is the social contrasts. Here it is essential to consider as individuals from various societies work

Take This Bipolar Hypomania Quiz

Take This Bipolar Hypomania Quiz Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Mania and Hypomania Print Quiz for Bipolar Hypomania Episodes By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 17, 2020 bluecinema/Getty Images More in Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Mania and Hypomania Depression Diagnosis Treatment In This Article Table of Contents Expand Self-Test Scoring Other Factors View All Back To Top How do you know whether youre hypomanic? Periods of hypomania are possible whether you have Bipolar I or Bipolar II disorder. This quiz will help you determine whether youve ever had hypomania. You can use the results when speaking with a health care professional (even if you havent been diagnosed with bipolar disorder at present). The quiz is written as if youre currently experiencing an episode, but you can also use it for past periods when you suspect hypomania was happening. If thats the case, consider a period of at least 4 days when some symptoms from each group were present every day, for most of the day. Please note that this is not a formal diagnostic test. The results are intended for your use in talking to a doctor about your mental state. Hypomania Self-Test Keep count of the number of questions where your answer is Yes in each group. Group 1 Have you had an unusual increase in energy and/or activity?Do you feel abnormally happy, even though nothing in your life can account for it? The happiness may have begun with something special, but the happiness has lasted longer than normal.Is your mood abnormally expansive?Are you abnormally irritable for no real reason??? Group 2 These symptoms should represent a noticeable difference from your normal behavior or experience, and observable by others. Are you feeling grandiose, or is your self-esteem higher than normal? For example, do you feel you are better at a task or activity than all the others around you (when you normally dont feel that way)?Do you feel rested after just a few hours of sleep?Are you talking more than usual, or do you frequently feel like you absolutely must keep talking?Do you have racing thoughts  or are you speaking extremely rapidly, jumping from topic to topic (flight of ideas)?Are you very easily distracted?Are you physically extremely restless, or are you plunging into projects on impulse (for example, emptying out all your closets at once around 3 a.m., or calling 25 friends to invite them to a barbecue that afternoon)?Are you taking foolish risks without giving much thought to possible consequences? Or are you spending money recklessly??? Group 3 Are your behaviors causing serious difficulties in your life (for example, severe problems in relationships or at work or school, you lose your job because of them, etc.)?Are you having hallucinations, or are you delusional?Have you had to be hospitalized because of your symptoms in order to prevent you from harming yourself or others??? NOTE: Any yes answer in this group rules out hypomania; consider the Bipolar Mania Quiz instead. Scoring After you have scored your results, its essential to read about other important factors (below). Group 1:0-1 Yes 0 points2 Yes 1 point Group 2:0-2 Yes 0 points3 Yes 1 point Results In general, 2 points are necessary to be diagnosed as having a hypomanic episode. However, the presence of a number of symptoms in any single group is an indication that youre in need of a mental health evaluation. Your doctor may still conclude that you have bipolar disorder. Other possibilities: You may be experiencing mania rather than hypomania.You may be having a mixed episode.You may have another psychiatric diagnosis such as cyclothymia. Other Important Factors You must also consider these elements: Did your symptoms begin with the use of an illegal drug? If Yes, a diagnosis of hypomania cant be confirmed, but you should seek treatment immediately.Did your symptoms begin after the use of a prescription medication or other medical treatment? If Yes, the presence or absence of bipolar hypomania must be evaluated by a doctor, but again, you should seek treatment immediately. In Conclusion The psychiatric symptoms listed above are always a cause for concern  and may indicate a hypomanic episode. If you are troubled by any of them, seeking medical help is recommended

Dystopian Comparisons Essay - 1431 Words

In the Book A Clockwork Orange, the short stories Harrison Burgeron, The Lottery and the movies Gattaca and the Truman Show by Anthony Burgess, Kurt Vonnegut, Shirly Jackson, Andrew Niccol and Peter Wier respectively. These pieces of literature(and cinematography) all have a society that controls and manipulates the individual or Protaganist. The society does this because it wants total control over both the individual and the society as a whole. A Clockwork Orange is futuristic look at England. Where teenagers rule the streets and neglect the somewhat standing laws of society. The novels main character, fifteen-year-old Alex, and his three droogs (friends) Pete, Georgie and Dim, take place in all-night acts of random violence and†¦show more content†¦They used what they learned about him in the treatment center to drive him to suicide. The community manipulated Alex only to regain complete control over the society. The state is also willing to take away freedom of choice and willing to replace it with force-fed good behavior. This is an example of control in a state/society because the state choose to sacrifice liberty (and sanity) for the well being of the society as a whole. In the short story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†, the futuristic United states society which has created a totally ‘equal’ society. Where handicaps are given out to all patrons of the society. The society manipulates and controls the main character(s) by giving them handicaps instilling fear in taking them to go against their ways an example of this is when George says â€Å"Two years in prison plus a two thousand dollar fine for every ball I took out, I don’t think that’s a fair bargain†(HB). This demonstrates how the society not only controls their life but also instills fear into the individuals living in the society. They do this by giving out harsh punishment for the crimes they do. They also do this by making the handicaps far more extreme then needed. Another expression of manipulation and control on the society’s part is â€Å"Diana Moon Glampers reloaded the shot gun and aimed at theShow MoreRelatedThe Year Of The Flood By Ma rgaret Atwood1993 Words   |  8 Pageswell as reinforce the information in my memory. In addition, if I wanted to review that information later, I could have it handy. Margaret Atwood is indeed an interesting author. She sees society from a unique point of view and likes to write dystopian novels which depict the eventual fate of humanity if we continue down the path of unforeseen and uncontrolled technological advancements and greed filled politics. She does not oppose progress or technology but is rather mainly concerned about theRead More Humanities’ Irrational and its Effects on a Utopian Society1690 Words   |  7 Pagesare the source. In one of his notable works, Civilization and its Discontents, Freud outlines that civilization’s primarily sought after result is for conformity of its societal members as well as repression of unwanted actions. We see this in comparison to the film Serenity, when those aboard the ship Serenity are being pursued by the Operator and the rest of the Alliance. The Alliance is hunting for the girl, River, who is aboard Serenity, and commits violence acts to do stop them, such as murderingRead MoreDystopian Literature : The Dark Sides Of Our Dreams1456 Words   |  6 PagesUsing the text as a frame of reference, how does dystopian literature demonstrate the power of fear? Dystopian fiction shows what happens if people don t fear for what s to come. Fear influences people very substantially, changing the actions they make. As it says in the text, â€Å"Dystopias are the dark sides of our dreams. There are common themes and stylistic choices because all of the distorted mirrors th at authors are holding up are trying to show us the same things. They are trying to give usRead MoreEssay The Myopia of Dystopia3805 Words   |  16 Pagesworld as the good place(Hermon, Holman) but rather one of the indescribable atrocities of war, disease, hunger etc#8230; A utopian world is a difficult, if not impossible, one to forge. Novels such as Brave New World, Fahrenheit 451, and 1984 are dystopian novels, with often-satirical undertones within their pages. This works are allegories, sardonic depictions of our societies ills. Each work contain strong hard-hitting political messages with common themes such as the fine line that divides a utopiaRead MoreThe Death Of Osama Bin Laden927 Words   |  4 PagesI’ve never been so excited to hear about a death in my entire life. Saddam Hussein, Osama bin Laden, Strom Thurmond...all were exhilarating—even invigorating—moments of vengeful macabre. But they pale in comparison to this sublimely blissful event; a single occurrence so focused and meaningful, so desired, so anticipated that the simple mention of it in certain company will bring rapturous cheers and talk of grand plans once refrained but now inevitable. Everyone has prayed for this death. For soRead MoreComparison of how Orwell in 1984 and Ishiguro in Never Let Me Go use failure and futility in human relationships as a theme in their dystopian novels2052 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Comparison of how Orwell in 1984 and Ishiguro in Never Let Me Go use failure and futility in human relationships as a theme in their dystopian novels As humans, we judge ourselves by how others perceive us and seek to conform to a universally accepted code of ethics and laws. It is this inherent value that we possess, a conscience that make us different from animals and it is also what is missing to a large extent in Orwell’s â€Å"1984† and Ishiguro’s â€Å"Never Let Me Go†. The futility of relationshipsRead MoreGeorge Orwell s 1984 And The Giver902 Words   |  4 Pagesworld without freedoms, a world without basic rights, a world without love. This describes the world depicted in George Orwell’s 1984. This dystopian world may have felt a million miles away when Orwell wrote 1984 in 1949. But, in today’s society, the interest in dystopian novels and films continues to grow. Many comparisons can be drawn between various dystopian novels. 1984 is especially similar to the novel and film The Giver. The novels share similarities in characters, memory, time, emotion, relationshipsRead MoreDys topian Society: Comparing Brave New World and 1984 Essay1705 Words   |  7 PagesDystopian Society: Comparing Brave New World and 1984 Different societies have risen and fallen in the continual search for the â€Å"perfect† society. The definition of this utopia is in constant flux due to changing times and cultural values. Many works of literature have been written describing a utopian society and the steps needed to achieve it. However, there are those with a more cynical or more realistic view of society that comment on current and future trends. These individuals lookRead MoreDystopian Society -Compare Contrast Brave New World and 19841686 Words   |  7 PagesDystopian Society Different societies have risen and fallen in the continual search for the â€Å"perfect† society. The definition of this utopia is in constant flux due to changing times and cultural values. Many works of literature have been written describing a utopian society and the steps needed to achieve it. However, there are those with a more cynical or more realistic view of society that comment on current and future trends. These individuals look at the problems in society and showRead MoreWhat are Dystopian Novels?966 Words   |  4 PagesDystopia is common theme which dates hundreds of years in literature worldwide. Dystopian novels and short stories often depict a society repressed by a totalitarian government which comes to power after a cataclysmic occurrence, wielding unforgiving power and control over inhabitants for their own good. These dystopias are often perceived by the average citizen as a normal or unavoidable way of life, sometimes even a better way of life, yet there is often a single person or group of protagonists

The Role Of Virgil In Dante Alighieris The Divine Comedy

As Dante is lost and floundering in his beginning moments of the story, a guide named Virgil appears to help.Virgil, a wise older man who’s lived for many years more than Dante, performs a vital function in The Divine Comedy; he leads Dante through hell and purgatory. In Dante Alighieris The Divine Comedy, there are many characters who are important, but Virgil has a key role. He serves as a protector, a knowledgeable guide and a model of human reason and wisdom. Virgil is very protective of Dante and how he feels Dante will react traveling through the different circles of hell. He carefully explains everything that they see or hear. Not only is he protective but he shows great kindness and compassion for Dante in his state of fear. â€Å" So†¦show more content†¦Dante- â€Å" May you weep and wail to all eternity, for I know you hell-dog as filthy as you.†(Canto 33). He even betrays one of the sinners in the ninth circle by promising the sinner that he will dry his face from his tears if the sinner tells him his name and story. Virgil also serves as a model of human reason and wisdom throughout the story. Human reason is a human beings capacity to use logic and make judgments related to knowledge. Virgil does exactly this, he shows Dante the right way. Virgil guides Dante to think the right way about sin and about god. In the beginning of the story, Dante had lost his ways and it is Virgils job as human reason to help him get back on track. Virgil describes how human beings are deserving of praise or for blame. Virgil expresses that he will explain as much as reason will allow him to and Beatrice will have to explain the rest to Dante. He explains to Dante the relationship between free will and love. â€Å" Then just as fire yearns upwards through the air,being formed that it aspires by nature to be in its own element up there; love, which is a spiritual motion fills the trapped soul and it can never rest short of the thing that fills it with devotion.† (Purgatorio Canto 38). Virgil is telling dante that the only way to understand true love is to be free and to be free you must follow the path of God and not sin. Virgil is the best person for the job of guiding Dante through hell and purgatorio. He leadsShow MoreRelatedDantes Voyage Through Hell1490 Words   |  6 PagesThe Inferno was written by Dante Alighieri around 1314 and depicts the poet’s imaginary journey through Hell. Dante spent his life traveling from court to court both lecturing and writing down his experiences. His Divine Comedy – the three-part epic poem consisting of Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso (Hell, Purgatory and Heaven)– is generally regarded as one of the greatest poetic feats ever accomplished. All three parts are incredible literary feats with symbolism so complex and beautiful thatRead MoreThe Inferno : Depiction And Representation Of Women2519 Words   |  11 Pagesthe context of the poem than what they say alone. Dante lived in an era when women did not occupy influential roles in the public realm, and were actually discouraged from engaging in intellectual or philosophical debate. Wome n were not allowed to take part in political discourse nor communicate through the medium of poetry. For the exclusion of women from the historical and literary western canon, Dante’s perception of women in The Divine Comedy can be seen as an underlying framework for furtherRead MoreEssay on Dantes Inferno and Classical Mythology1823 Words   |  8 PagesDante’s descent into Hell in Inferno, the first part of his Divine Comedy, tells of the author’s experiences in Hades as he is guided through the abyss by the Roman author, Virgil. The text is broken into cantos that coincide with the different circles and sub-circles of Hell that Dante and Virgil witness and experience. Inferno is heavily influenced by classic Greek and Roman texts and Dante makes references to a myriad of characters, myths, and legends that take place in Virgil’s Aeneid, Homer’s

Managing challenges for the 21st century Free Essays

â€Å"Drucker’s ideas continue to display a force and resonance that leave him pretty much in a class by himself. It is impossible to read the man without learning a lot.† —Fortune Magazine Advent of globalization has reformatted the business principles and this book is a perfect guide to show the way to conquer new world which is more dynamic, confident and aggressive. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing challenges for the 21st century or any similar topic only for you Order Now Before Peter Drucker, most people thought about their businesses with a manufacturing mindset, defining a business based on what it produced. Today, the marketing mindset prevails. It was Drucker’s critical insight that instead of buying a â€Å"product† the customer buys the satisfaction of a need. Drucker has reinvented the management principles to make them fit into the present world and can be proved more suitable in the current management framework. Drucker identifies new assumptions for the social discipline of management.  He has claimed that Management is NOT only for profit-making businesses but Management is the specific and distinguishing organ of any and all organizations. This revolutionary concept can bow the seed of future methods of business and can turn around the whole institutive scenario to create a completely different set of business leaders. Gone are the days when companies were making big profits and hence were focusing the management principles only towards profit earnings. Today’s world is flat and the competitions are monopolistic, in fact tends to perfect competition. In this scenario adhering to old management principles are like suicide. Second assumption is that never think that there is only one right organization which is again very relevant in present context. He has made a significant point over management of people. In Drucker’s view, One does not â€Å"manage† people. The task is to lead people. And the goal is to make productive the specific strengths and knowledge of each individual. Next assumption he made is that technologies and End-Users are NOT fixed and given. Increasingly, neither technology nor end-use is a foundation of management policy. They are limitations. The foundations have to be customer values and customer decisions on the distribution of their disposable income. It is with those that management policy and management strategy increasingly will have to start. Drucker’s book critically emphasizes the role of customer in today’s market scenario. He focuses on the point that now customer are the central point and business has to start and end at customer. Three things are important to run an effective business set up in present marketplace and that is customer, customer and only customer. Business has to be woven around the needs of the customer and ultimate goal should be customer satisfaction. He has quoted next assumption saying that Management’s scope is NOT only legally defined. The new assumption on which management, both as a discipline and as a practice, will increasingly have to base itself is that the scope of management is not legal. It has to be operational. It has to embrace the entire process. It has to be focused on results and performance across the entire economic chain. He also said that Management’s scope is NOT only politically defined. National boundaries are important primarily as restraints. The practice of management  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ and by no means for business only  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ will increasingly have to be defined operationally rather than politically. This assumption has to be adopted by new world immediately in light of the â€Å"open world concept† and â€Å"world is flat† concept. Seventh assumption he made on the organizational atmosphere. He explained that the Inside is NOT the only Management domain. The results of any institution exist ONLY on the outside. Management exits for the sake of the institution’s results. It has to start with the intended results and organize the resources of the institution to attain these results. It is the organ that renders the institution, whether business, church, university, hospital or a battered woman’s shelter, capable of producing results outside of itself. Lastly he declared the most important assumption that Management’s concern and management’s responsibility are everything that affects the performance of the institution and its results – whether inside or outside, whether under the institution’s control or totally beyond it. This way he brought the managerial concept at the core of all the issues whether be political or economical or anything. His point of opinion is that the new world will be a economic world where money will be the most important thing and managerial discipline are the most efficient organ of the nation which can help keeping the country self sufficient and create bonhomie everywhere. Therefore Drucker explains in a instructive tone that managers has to be responsible and they have to start thinking out of the box to consistently keep taking the extra steps in right direction. In the course of the discussions, Drucker also addresses the ultimate challenge of managing oneself while still meeting the demands on the individual during a longer working life and in an ever-changing workplace. He has always understood that people are deeply-and rightly-resistant to being â€Å"managed.† This point is especially relevant for knowledge workers, who know more about their jobs than their bosses do. For them, supervision is a special kind of hell. This is why good managers help people manage themselves by focusing consistently on performance and results and by teaching them, often by example, to think about what they are good at, how they learn, what they value. Such self-knowledge is essential to performance. Drucker has also introduced the effect of being a change leader. In the course of discussion he gives four requirements for change leadership:- 1. Polices to make the future. 2. Systematic methods to look for and to anticipate change. 3. The right way to introduce change, both within and outside the organization. 4. Policies to balance change and continuity. In chapter-4, Drucker has navigated through the concept of information technology. Information is no doubt the most important tool to create a successful business setups. Drucker describes the new information revolution that is gaining momentum as follows. So far, for fifty years, Information Technology has centered on DATA -their collection, storage, transmission, presentation. It has focused on the ‘T’ in ‘IT’. The new information revolutions focus on the ‘I’. They ask, ‘what is the MEANING of information and its PURPOSE?’ And this is leading rapidly to redefining the tasks to be done with the help of information and, with it, to redefining the institutions that do these tasks.† As long as the world continues to become more complex and specialized, information management is essentially a critical part of all businesses and act as blood and vein for industry. The last chapter of the book, managing oneself, is completely devoted to the individual. Drucker advises persons to work on their strengths in order to maximize performance. Conclusion: This book is highly recommended for tyros and young turks. This book is envisaging enough eye opener facts, which can help company grow to the maximum level by reinventing and managing the organizational principles and the level of knowledge workers who will face new challenges in the 21st century. Incisive, challenging, and mind-stretching, Drucker’s new book is forward-looking and forward thinking. It combines the broad knowledge, wide practical experience, profound insight, sharp analysis, and enlightened common sense that are the essence of Drucker’s writings, which are continuing international bestsellers and â€Å"landmarks of the managerial profession† (Harvard Business Review).             How to cite Managing challenges for the 21st century, Essay examples

The Role of Motherese in Acquiring A Language Essay Example

The Role of Motherese in Acquiring A Language Paper The speaking style used by caretakers around the world when addressing infants is often called motherese or parentese (Ferguson, 1964). Motherese is the style of talking used by mothers when addressing their eighteen to twenty-four moth old toddlers and has been shown to be preferred over adult-directed speech by infants when given a choice (Fernald, 1985). Moreover, the exaggerated stress and increased pitch typical of infant-directed speech assists infants in discriminating phonetic units (Karzon, 1985). From birth, a child encounters an immediately facilitative environment allowing him/her to participate as a conversational partner and as the childs communicational behavior develops, the mother naturally attempts to persuade more verbal participation from the child by altering her own behavior. Initially the mother provides object names to the childs vocalisations but soon begins to request labels and by the middle of the childs second year the mother is requesting and labeling at an equal rate, establishing dialog. The mother helps to form the childs speech by distinctly distinguishing between acceptable and unacceptable responses, ensuring the childs verbalisations are not direct imitations but responses to fit specific slots in the dialog. In order to aid learning the mother provides consistency, such as the amount of time devoted to dialog, the rate of confirmation and the probability of reciprocating (Bruner, 1978). Additionally, the mother modifies her speech and when taken together, are called motherese (Newport, Gleitman Gleitman, 1977) or parentese. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Motherese in Acquiring A Language specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Motherese in Acquiring A Language specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Motherese in Acquiring A Language specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Mothers use paralinguistic variations as well as linguistic alterations as the manner of presentation may be more important than the content of dialog. According to Sachs (1985), the mother produces modifications using a broad range of pitches and loudness and overall, her pitch is higher than in adult to adult conversations. A range of different languages present this pitch contour however some variation is seen (Bernstein, Ratner Pye, 1984). Infants will respond to intonation patterns before they comprehend language and prefer high, variable pitch (Fernald Kuhl, 1987). The mother also modifies her rhythm and timing. The duration of vowels is longer than in adult to adult conversation and there are longer pauses between utterances, this rhythm is also seen in signing mothers of deaf children (Fernald, 1994). Compared to adult to adult speech, motherese exhibits, greater pitch range, especially at the higher end; lexical simplification characterised by the diminutive (doggie) and syllable reduplication (consonant-verb syllable repetition); shorter less complex utterances; less dysfluency; more paraphrasing and repetition; limited, concrete vocabulary and a restricted set of semantic relations; more contextual support and more directives and questions. Conversational style with infants is short and with toddlers it is even shorter as less adult utterances are spoken. During the second half of the childs first year the mother decreases the length of her utterances and this is positively correlated with improved receptive language skills by the child at eighteen months (Murray et. al. , 1990). A mother aids the process of learning a language in which the child uses what he/she knows to decode more mature language, also known as bootstrapping, by maintaining a semantic-syntactic correspondence (Rondal Cession, 1990). For example, by way of motherese, the child finds it easier it decipher the syntax of the mothers utterances. Directed speech from the mother to the child adapts and the childs language matures as motherese is well tuned to the childs language level (Owens, 1986). The rate of change in language level is initially slow however it speeds up with age. The complexity and the length of the mothers utterances most primarily change between twenty and twenty-seven months alongside the period of rapid language change for the child. However, at any given time the syntax is mostly consistent (Wells et. al. , 1983). Infant-directed speech also is altered at the phonetic level and these alterations are argued to help infants learn. In a recent study, women were recorded while speaking to their two-month-old infants and to another adult in the United States, Russia, and Sweden (Kuhl, 1997). Mothers used the vowels /i/, /a/, and /u/, in both settings, and their speech was analysed. The results demonstrated that the phonetic units of infant-directed speech are acoustically exaggerated. The results show a stretching of the acoustic space encompassing speech. Exaggerating speech not only makes it more distinguishable for infants, it highlights critical parameters used in the native language. This may aid the childs discovery of the dimensions of sound used in their native language. Mothers addressing infants also increase the variety of exemplars they use, behaving in a way that makes them resemble many different talkers is a feature shown to assist category learning in second-language learners (Lively, 1993). In recent studies, language-delayed children show substantial improvements in measures of speech and language after listening to speech altered by computer to exaggerate phonetic differences (Merzenich, 1996) Mothers addressing infants make other adjustments that appear to aid learning. When introducing new words, parents repeat the word often in stereotyped frames (Wheres the __ , See the __ , Thats a __ (Peters, 1983), which highlights the items in sentence-final position. They also present new words in a great variety of contexts, which would highlight the transitional probabilities of the new words against a variety of contexts (Goodsitt, 1993). This data suggests that the modifications made by adults unconsciously when they speak to infants plays a role in helping infants map native-language input. Motherese involves many re-casts by the adult. Re-casts occur when an adult repeats a childs speech, while adding complexity and expanding vocabulary. Re-casts expose the child to new forms and structures, while providing more fuel for language acquisition than would immediate imitation (Goodluck, 1986). An example of a re-cast is a child saying up whilst the mother follows with yes, mummy will pick you up. In these re-casts there is also a tendency to avoid using personal pronouns such as I and you since both can be very confusing to the child. It is difficult for the child to recognise that you can be applied to more than one person hence, the parent most often than not refers to both herself and the child using the respective nouns mummy and child for example. In both English and French the amount of parental labeling or naming varies with the age and development of the child but a relationship still exists between the amount of adult labeling and the childs consequent growth in vocabulary (Graham Sippola, 1995). Choi Gopnik (1995) produced evidence to suggest that initial parental emphasis on nouns from Mandarin, Korean, Italian, and English is not universal although gesturing and use of noun labels in English decrease with development regardless. Nouns become replaced with verbs to describe actions being performed by objects (Schmidt, 1996). The steady rhythmic flow of the dialog depends on the structural resemblance of the mother and child utterances as well as on the association of the mothers speech relative to the environment. Through the use of turn-passing strategies the mother encourages and allows the child to participate however refrains from using turn-grabbing or turn-keeping behaviours. Consequently, the child is not a solo linguist with the endeavor to learn the language code; the large majority of the analysis, synthesis and abstraction is performed by the mother (Moerk, 1985). Undeniably, the language input and motherese to which is child is subject to is influenced by the childs characteristics (Yoder Kaiser, 1989). The types of toys children chose to play with or are presented with, can manipulate the amount and types of language produced by the mother (OBrien Nagle, 1987), dolls for example promote role play and hence promote larger amounts and variety of language from parents. Furthermore, simplifications to language by adults logically must reflect cues from the child, although parents arent aware of their alterations as they are not consciously trying to teach a language. Not only is much of the speech addressed to the child adapted for the childs linguistic level according to the amount of child feedback and participation but speech not adapted is simply not processed by the child (Snow, 1986). In effect, children play an active and important role in choosing the utterances to which they will respond. Lack of response from the child informs the parent that communication has broken down, which may instigate the linguistic changes in the parent to take place. It is logical to conclude the key to adult linguistic changes is the child (Furrow Nelson, 1984). The pragmatic aspects to the mothers speech are likely to be related to either the referential or the expressive style of the child as referential children tend to name frequently whereas expressive children participate in more conversation. Mothers to referential children use more descriptive words with fewer directives, additionally, these mothers make more utterances in a given situation then mothers with expressive speech (Benedict Klein, 1983). Furthermore, Ochs Schieffelin (1994) report children do not require a syntactically and phonologically simplified input in order to acquire language, as the use of motherese is not universal across all cultures, however it is still very widespread regardless. There also seems to exist a great variation in the styles of social interaction and the form of motherese across different cultures (Lieven, 1994). However, it is possible that these other cultures compensate for their lack of motherese through simplifying language development in other ways, such as via emphasizing everyday communal life (Snow, 1995). The rate of a childs linguistic development is only not correlated with the complexity of the childs input. The most important factor to motherese isnt the form of what it directly said to the child but the content, in particular, children who learn the fastest are those who receive most encouragement and acknowledgment for their utterances (Ellis Wells, 1980). Gross (1978) demonstrated the value of extended replied by adults that in result amplify the comments of the children. This conclusion was drawn because, children who showed the most rapid linguistic development were those whose mothers asked their children more questions and gave more extensive replies to their childrens questions (Howe, 1980). In conclusion, much remains to be learned about language acquisition however it can be deduced that motherese is beneficial to a childs acquisition of language regardless of whether it is completely necessary for language development or not. The aim of motherese may not be to teach language however it facilitates development through providing an opportunity for children to practice, improve, and enhance their language abilities. The caregivers efforts combined with the childs own influences produce a suitable relationship for the input, feedback, acquisition and practice of language. Motherese may also serve to aid a child in the acquisition and comprehension of language particular rules which are otherwise largely unpredictable principles of universal grammar. However, factors such as socio-economic background, where toys promoting language utilasation cannot be bought will hinder the effects of motherese regardless of whether motherese is in effect or not; birth order, position in the family, and siblings also have an effect on early language development, this is because single children have a greater opportunity to communicate effectively with adults as compared to children with many siblings as may therefore develop language at a faster pace. Ethnicity, parents mother tongue and parents work hours are more examples of factors that directly affect the success motherese can have on childrens language development. Consequently, for a child to fully benefit from the effects of motherese he/she must boast optimal conditions, if this is not possible, as is the case with many individuals, motherese may not act as beneficially as possible, however it will still serve to assist in language acquisition.

The Dialogue of Phaedrus The Crises of Love and Inquiry

The Dialogue of Phaedrus The Crises of Love and Inquiry Introduction Plato outlines important lessons in the Dialogue of Phaedrus. The extract from the book, Plato: The Collected Dialogues philosophically examines the experience of falling in love. Philosophically, Plato, through this conversation draws people’s attention to crucial issues underlying love (Hamilton, 475). For instance, Plato indicates that the people an individual loves depict a clear expression of the humans’ personal fortitude.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Dialogue of Phaedrus: The Crises of Love and Inquiry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The book, Plato: The Collected Dialogues presents a comical and philosophical analysis of the concept of falling in love. In his conversation with Phaedrus, Plato presents a typical scenario regarding issues surrounding the act of love. In particular, the human soul is examined. There is a critical evaluation of the obvious interplay b etween the soul and mind. Additionally, a person’s body is also included in this interplay. Specifically, this relates to the issue of love and relationships. There are also vital lessons drawn with philosophical implications that require examination. This discussion describes the root of the crisis and its remedy with observance to the dialogue of Phaedrus. Furthermore, it examines how the Plato’s Socrates assisted Phaedrus to comprehend the crisis of love and inquiry. Notably, the application of themes is critical in this role. Lastly, the paper analyses Plato’s comprehension of the human soul. Foundation of the Crisis and Remedy Principally, this discourse resonates as a tough piece. This is because it defies the basic conventional judgment of a discourse. The conversation between these two personalities ensues along the renowned Illissus River. This is where Phaedrus and Socrates met. They had their speeches, debate and daily in the same venue. Phaedrus eman ates as the leader of the particular speech for the initial instance. However, in the course of the dialogue, crucial issues about Phaedrus bosom friend, Lysias emerge. The consequent speeches by Socrates are depicted to potentially overpower and rebut Lysias’ allegations so intrepidly. As a result, the Phaedrus remains overwhelmed by Socrates power. Due to this, Phaedrus evidently misses his logic and presence throughout the entire conversation. An example of a strong claim is eminent. For instance, Phaedrus wonders â€Å"how madness seems indispensible to pursue potentially everything† (Hamilton, 475). A closer analysis reveals how cunningly Socrates engages Phaedrus in the tussle of logic. As indicated in the book, Plato: The Collected Dialogues, (477), Socrates questions Phaedrus. He asks that, â€Å"And should I not deem the conversation of you and Lysias a thing of higher import, as I may say in the words of Pindar, than any business? Observably, these sentiment s from Socrates stir Phaedrus to conceal vital information in the dialogue.Advertising Looking for critical writing on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is obvious that Socrates overtly orientates Phaedrus into several mysteries associated with love. Phaedrus appears to be an infatuated young man with an intended lover called Lysias. There is an eminent revelation of Lysias constant flattery of Phaedrus. This flattery as indicated, concerns the interest or consideration of the constant discourse. In his opinion upon reading the works of Lysias, Phaedrus considers her the best. In fact, in actual terms, he refers to her to be the â€Å"the ablest writer of [the] day (Hamilton, 500). The relationship between Phaedrus and Lysias is important. Together with the intrigues that surround this relationship, a philosophical base of the crisis comes into the limelight during the conversation. The major crisis pre dominant is obvious. Phaedrus, a young and open man, is considerably enchanted by fraudulent and deceptive love. An informed evaluation reveals that Phaedrus’ enchantment renders him a useless critical thinker. This is because he potentially becomes unable to draw lucid differences notable between the ingenuity of the dialogue. Perhaps, this challenge or crisis forms the basic ground for analysis. This inadequacy is well explicated by Socrates. From the highlights given by Socrates, it is obvious that Phaedrus lacks the competency to overpower his infatuation. Phaedrus has to transform this infatuation approach to the general life. Specifically, this implication in the dialogue considerably pertains to his intended love affair or relationship with Lysias. The manner in which Phaedrus reports issues within the dialogue also creates a basis for the actual crisis. For instance, he indicates how a handsome boy was tempted, but not by a lover.† Furthermore, Phaedrus reiterat es that surrender must be meant to a person who is not in love. Rather, his view is that surrender should be for the one who is in love. Generally, a philosophical and critical analysis of the Phaedrus’ postulations indicates great deviations and points of weaknesses (Hamilton, 495). The indulgence of the two principalities in the conversation in this trying moment may be indicative of his remedy. Phaedrus needs a deep insight and coaching on the issues of feelings, love, relationships, and their implications on one self. Therefore, Socrates presents crucial remedy approaches to the problem of individuality facing Phaedrus his counterpart. Socrates provides this remedy through elaboration of his basic analysis of Plato’s comprehension of the human soul. According to him, there is an evident interplay between the soul and mind in leading the human body. This cannot be avoided in any circumstance, including those of falling in love.Advertising We will write a cus tom critical writing sample on The Dialogue of Phaedrus: The Crises of Love and Inquiry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More How Plato’s Socrates Help Phaedrus Understand Crisis of Love and Inquiry through His Own Understanding of the Two Related Philosophical Problems and Themes Socrates helps the troubled Phaedrus. Basically, Socrates does this through his philosophical understanding of Plato’s methodic inquiry of crisis of love. Socrates uses the logic of the mind and soul to impart a sense of control in Phaedrus. Through this action, Socrates helps to protect Phaedrus from the lure of Lysias for sexual advances. Socrates achieves his aim by the application of several repetitions of the similar arguments. Socrates advises Phaedrus about the dangerous implications eminent if Lysias is really not in love with him. In his proposition, if this is the case, then any union between Lysias and Phaedrus will remain to be an incompetent g ood. As he philosophically reiterates, â€Å"it is the madness of love that complicates physical liaisons when they are red hot† (Hamilton, 508). Socrates warns that such situations also make issues unpleasant. This is, particularly, during the cooling periods of the love affair. Socrates makes Phaedrus understand Lysias’ witty kind of seduction. Furthermore, he warns Phaedrus that this witty seduction might particularly strike him into the heart. As Socrates states, this situation is likely to emanate from Phaedrus fear as well as fury. In the dialogue, it can be observed that Socrates assists Phaedrus to visualize the reality and his typical individuality. He helps Phaedrus to see that his intentional love with Lysias is more dishonest in its grip of the merit of love. This is because; it is nothing but a despondent bit of rhetorical foolishness. The thing at stake for this young man is the opportunity to know the reality of love. Phaedrus’ inability to differ entiate precisely the philosophical as well as the rhetorical points of Lysias explanation might most probably dictate the things he gets to be aware of. On the other hand, as demonstrated by Socrates, it might also dictate the things he might be incapable of knowing about love and Lysias. Analysis of Plato’s Perception of the Soul There is a presentation of an application of the understanding eminent from Plato’s perceptions on the human soul. The basic fact underlying this understanding is that the soul remains as a central dogma in the control of human logic. Evidently, there is presentation of the sophrosyne, the wanton or hubristic soul and the mantic soul that pertains to rational sanity. By the application of the understanding of the temperance or rational desire, Socrates warns Phaedrus of the eminent danger (Hamilton, 517). He stresses on the application of rationality and principality in the examination of an individual’s feelings or emotions. As appli cable in this context, Phaedrus is advised to use his rational soul to direct his emotional logic and mind control. This is, particularly, with reference to the seductive advances from Lysias.Advertising Looking for critical writing on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The application of mantic soul of rational sanity as potentiated by Plato is critical in wading off emotional foolishness. Socrates accordingly applies this explanation to direct Phaedrus in this dialogue. Plato, in his understanding of the soul, warns the public to be wary of the wanton or hubristic soul of irrational desire. He indicates in his explanations that this leads into dangerous relationships, decisions or actions that may be costly. Hamilton, Edith; C. H. E. Plato: The Collected Dialogues. S.l: s.n., n.d. Print.

Attila the Hun Timeline and History

Attila the Hun Timeline and History This timeline shows the significant events in the history of the Huns, with emphasis on the reign of Attila the Hun, in a simple one-page format. For a more-detailed recounting, please see the in-depth timeline of Attila and the Huns. The Huns Before Attila 220-200 B.C. - Hunnic tribes raid China, inspire the building of the Great Wall of China 209 B.C. - Modun Shanyu unites the Huns (called Xiongnu by Chinese-speakers) in Central Asia 176 B.C. - Xiongnu attack the Tocharians in western China 140 B.C. - Han Dynasty Emperor Wu-ti attacks the Xiongnu 121 B.C. - Xiongnu defeated by Chinese; split into Eastern and Western groups 50 B.C. - Western Huns move west to the Volga River 350 A.D. - Huns appear in Eastern Europe The Huns under Attila's Uncle Rua c. 406 A.D. - Attila born to father Mundzuk and unknown mother 425 - Roman general Aetius hires Huns as mercenaries late 420s - Rua, Attilas uncle, seizes power and eliminates other kings 430 - Rua signs the peace treaty with Eastern Roman Empire, gets a tribute of 350 pounds of gold 433 - Western Roman Empire gives Pannonia (western Hungary) to the Huns as payment for military aid 433 - Aetius takes de facto power over Western Roman Empire 434 - Rua dies; Attila and older brother Bleda take Hunnic throne The Huns under Bleda and Attila 435 - Aetius hires the Huns to fight against the Vandals and Franks 435 - Treaty of Margus; Eastern Roman tribute increased from 350 to 700 pounds of gold c. 435-438 - Huns attack Sassanid Persia, but are defeated in Armenia 436 - Aetius and the Huns destroy the Burgundians 438 - First Eastern Roman embassy to Attila and Bleda 439 - Huns join the Western Roman army in a siege of the Goths at Toulouse Winter 440/441 - Huns sack a fortified Eastern Roman market town 441 - Constantinople sends its military forces to Sicily, en route to Carthage 441 - Huns besiege and capture the Eastern Roman cities of Viminacium and Naissus 442 - Eastern Roman tribute increased from 700 to 1400 pounds of gold September 12, 443 - Constantinople orders military readiness and vigilance against Huns 444 - Eastern Roman Empire stops paying tribute to Huns 445 - Death of Bleda; Attila becomes sole king Attila, King of the Huns 446 - Huns demand for tribute and fugitives denied by Constantinople 446 - Huns capture Roman forts at Ratiaria and Marcianople January 27, 447 - Major earthquake hits Constantinople; frantic repairs as Huns approach Spring 447 - Eastern Roman army defeated at Chersonesus, Greece 447 - Attila controls all of the Balkans, from the Black Sea to the Dardanelles 447 - Eastern Romans give 6,000 pounds of gold in back-tribute, yearly cost increased to 2,100 pounds of gold, and fugitive Huns handed over for impaling 449 - Maximinus and Priscus embassy to the Huns; attempted assassination of Attila 450 - Marcian becomes Emperor of Eastern Romans, ends payments to Huns 450 - Roman princess Honoria sends ring to Attila 451 - Huns overrun Germany and France; defeated at Battle of Catalaunian Fields 451-452 - Famine in Italy 452 - Attila leads an army of 100,000 into Italy, sacks Padua, Milan, etc. 453 - Attila suddenly dies on wedding night The Huns After Attila 453 - Three of Attilas sons divide the empire 454 - The Huns are driven from Pannonia by the Goths 469 - Hunnic king Dengizik (Attilas second son) dies; Huns disappear from history

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT - Essay Example J. Heinz Co’s Resources 40 2.3.1.1 Increase Competiveness 45 2.3.1.2 Long-term Sustainability 49 2.3.1.3 Corporate Social Responsibility 54 2.4 Porter’s Value Chain Framework 59 2.4.1 H. J. Heinz Co’s Porter’s Value Chain 59 3.0 Conclusion 70 4.0 Bibliography 73 1.0 Introduction H.J.Heinz Company was started in the year 1900 in Pennsylvania and it manufactures a vast range of food products throughout the world. The Company’s principal products include ketchup, condiments and sauces, frozen food, soups, beans and pasta meals, infant nutrition and other food products (HJ Heinz Company, 2005). The company is present in over 110 major locations worldwide, with leading brands on six continents. The Heinz brand is a $2.5 billion global icon and Heinz's top-15 power brands account for two-thirds of annual sales (HJ Heinz Company, 2006). With more than $8 billion in annual sales, Heinz's 50 companies have leading brands in more than 200 countries (HJ Heinz Company, 2009). In the year ending 2010, it achieved sales of $10.5 billion and gross profit of $3.8 billion (HJ Heinz Company, 2010). These positive results reflected increased innovation and marketing and dynamic growth in Emerging Markets. However, one of the core aspects of the company is also its unique lean production techniques which have played a major part in enhancing the efficiency of the company while at the same time managing to survive tough global markets especially for a US based company tackling recession. 2.0 Discussion 2.1 Evaluation on H. J. Heinz Co 2.1.1 Definition of Lean Production Lean production simply means a manufacturing paradigm that improves product quality; reduce production costs and being able to respond to customer needs quickly (Radhakrishnan and Balasubramanian, 2008). The main principles of lean focus on the methods of creating a continuous improving culture that engages employees in reducing production time and material in order to meet custome r’s needs. Lean production also concentrates on systematic elimination of non-valued added activity of waste from the production and implementation process of lean principles (Chalice, 2007), which will contribute an improvement environment performance (Radhakrishnan and Balasubramanian, 2008). The term lean production can be traced to its origins with Japanese companies more specifically in the Automobile market which faced issues like lack of resources including financial and labour. At this stage of crisis, two employees of Toyota Motors namely Eiji Toyoda and Taiichi Ohno developed this unique concept to manage such a crisis focusing solely on terminating waste in a production or manufacturing process which is called as Lean Manufacturing in the western region. 2.1.2 H. J. Heinz Co’s Lean Production Being a global food processing company, Heinz critically needs to leverage its production aligning with its strategy of waste management. While the company has extensiv ely worked on various lean production and waste management cases, research will focus on one of the major cases of the company where waste management was successfully done Amongst its other global strategies, when Heinz chose to give priority to waste management, it realized that technology would be one of the key aspects if it were to successfully compete in the industry and reduce waste. After careful analysis of several competitive applications, Heinz chose an enterprise asset

President Ronald Reagan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

President Ronald Reagan - Term Paper Example One such example of a nation with rich history of leaders is the United States. In the modern society of the United States, the president is viewed as the greatest leader of the country. The US has had its share of its own leaders, from the first presidents and community heads, to today’s president, Barrack Obama. One of these leaders of the American nation who served as a president is Ronald Reagan. He has numerous contributions during his term, but one must objectively assess these contributions, so as to fully appreciate whether these contributions and achievements had any real impact or effect. In relation, this paper will then look into the said contributions and achievements of a US president, specifically Ronal Reagan. This paper will first present an overall look at the president’s biography, especially focusing on Reagan’s term as the president of the United States. Afterwards, this paper will then present a critical appraisal of the president’s c ontribution to the country, using the different criteria provided by different secondary literatures and resources. In here, different ratings or appraisals will be given to the president and his performance, based on the said literatures. In addition, after different individual grades, an overall grade or evaluation of former president Ronald Reagan will be presented. More importantly, this paper will attempt to prove that President Ronald Reagan can be given a grade of A-, based on his achievements and accomplishments, also including numerous issues, controversies, and problems that arose during his reign as president. Biography and Overview of President’s Administration Ronald Wilson Reagan was born on the 6th of February in 1911, in a second floor apartment in Tampico, Illinois, where his parents resided at the time. The young Reagan was then raised in Dixon, and he received his education at Eureka College, graduating with a degree of Bachelor of Arts in Sociology and Eco nomics.1 After he graduated, Reagan first went into the entertainment sector, wherein he served as a radio broadcaster in Iowa. He then moved to Los Angeles in 1937, where his career in the entertainment sector soared as he found roles for acting in films, and then television shows.2 Some of Reagan’s most notable films include Bedtime for Bonzo, Kings Row, All American, and numerous others. In the later years of his career as an actor, Reagan found himself serving as the president of the Screen Actors Guild. Later, he also became the spokesman for the company General Electric (GE), where history saw to the earlier beginnings of his political career.3 Reagan was originally a member and follower of the Democratic Party, but by the late 1950s, his positions started shifting rightward and by 1962, he transferred to the Republican Party. His most notable move to the political arena was seen when, after delivering a stirring speech in 1964 supporting the presidential candidacy of t hen candidate Barry Goldwater, his leadership potentials were noticed and then brought to the limelight. With this acknowledgement of his potentials, Reagan was then persuaded to run for the governorship. Two years later, he won the said California governorship, a position he won again in 1970.4 In 1968, he ran for presidential nomination as candidate for the Republican Party, but he lost, and again in 1976, he ran for the same nomination for presidential candidacy but was defeated. Finally, in 1980, he won the said

Concept of primary health care in Nigeria

Concept of primary health care in Nigeria Introduction The concept of primary health care (PHC) was formulated by the 134 countries that met at the Alma-Ata conference in Russia on September 12, 1978 which was organized by the World Health Organization. Primary health care is a part of the three-tier system of health care in Nigeria. These are the tertiary health care, which the federal government is in charge; the secondary health care, under the auspices of the state government and the primary health care, controlled by the local governments. In the late 1980s there was a national initiative to overhaul the primary health care system through the adoption of a new national health policy, in the context of which the federal and state governments issued directives giving local government areas full jurisdiction over the delivery of primary health care services.1, 2 The local Government, the State Government and the Federal Government respectively are responsible for all financial aspects, including personnel costs, consumables, running co sts and capital investment. The Federal government through the federal ministry of health sets overall policy goals, co-ordinates activities, ensures quality, training and implements sector programmes. â€Å"Primary health care according to the world health organization means essential health care based on practical scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology, made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost which the country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self reliance and self determination. It is the first level contact of the individual and community in the national health system, thus bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work and contribute the first element of a continuing health care process†.3 It is essentially aimed to promote health, to cure diseases and to rehabilitate. Nigeria is one of the few countries in the developing world to have systematically decentralized the delivery of basic health and education services to locally elected governments.4 BACKGROUND: Nigeria has an enormous population of around 120 million in 20035, with a growth rate of about 2.9% per annum. It is hailed as the giant of Africa and yet ranked among the poorest nations of the world.6 The management of the health sector has been poor and this has affected the quality of services to the general populace. Although Nigeria has an extensive national health infrastructure, it lacks the resources needed to function effectively Nigeria is now decentralizing its health system and clarifying the responsibilities and services at each level, which should result in better management and coordination. In addition, its health policy has been guided by the Bamako initiative to encourage and sustain community participation in primary health care services.7 The evidence base for primary care orientated health care system Primary care that is, care from the viewpoint of the doctors who has been in contact exclusively to the patients appearing for care- has apparent limitation. From the evidence given by the World Bank table and world health report 2000. It shows that Nigeria is one of the very poor countries. It has a clear symptom of imbalance between resources in poor performance, deteriorating facilities and low working moral among staff. There a high mortality rate in child and adult. The structures of the economy have fallen from 2004, raised a little bit in 2005 and remain constant between 2006 and 2007. This shows that due to lack of adequate resources in will affect the orientation of the health care system. The development of primary care in Nigeria An effective primary care system is critical for any country, developed or developing, to maximize outcomes and minimize costs.8, 9 Accurate and relevant data gathering and information processing are necessary for any field of endeavour whether in health care or any other field. It has long been recognized that clinical issues in primary care in Nigeria are different from those in other types of care. For example, the predictive values of symptoms may be quite different in different settings and clinical evidence derived from other settings may have limited applicability to primary health care and delivery. This is due not only to differences in the prevalence of specific diseases, but also to the fact that patients in primary care have many problems and the clinician must prioritize the diagnosis and management of all of these together over time, often in a setting where continuity of care plays a crucial role.10 Primary care is the backbone of Nigeria health system. Primary care plays a vital role in deployment of all resources through appropriate channels in promoting, maintaining as well as improving health. All these confirm the definition of primary health care which states that â€Å"essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound, as well as socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community by means acceptable to them and at a cost that community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in a spirit of self-reliance and self determination. It forms an integral part of both the countrys health system of which it is the central function and the main focus of the overall social and economic development of the community. It is the first level of contact of individuals, the family and the community with the national health system, bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work and constitutes the first element of a continuing health care process†11. This implies that patients or individuals have a direct access to the appropriate source of care. It equally shows that it deals more with common and well defined problem in a community setting as well as affordable. Though, the development if primary care in Nigeria has improved immensely but it still shows some major defects. Reasons for the current status of primary care within the health care system The coverage is inadequate: it is estimated that 54% of the population have access to the modern health care services. The rural communities and the urban poor are not well served due to inadequate staff and infrastructure. Lack of basic health data is a major constraint at all stages of planning, monitoring and evaluation of health services. The basic infrastructure and logistic supports are often defective owing to inadequate buildings maintenance, medical equipment and vehicles and unreliable supply water and electricity also poor management of medicines, vaccines and other supplies system. The financial resources allocated to the primary care services, especially to some priority areas are inadequate to permit them to function effectively. Distribution of resources in Nigeria: The Federal and State Government allocate 15% of the state budget to health services. Within the available resources, high priority shall be accorded to primary health care with particular reference to the less privilege areas and groups. Community and financial sector resources shall be mobilized in the spirit of self help and self reliance. How the resource should be used in future: In the light of importance of health in socio-economic development: all the governments of the federation should review their financial allocation to health in relation to the requirements of other sectors of the economy. High priority programmes for primary health care should have the first consideration on any additional resources that may be available Within the health care system, effort should be made to redistribute the financial allocation among health promotion, preventive and curative health care services. This is to ensure that adequate emphasis and awareness are placed on health promotion and preventive services without comprising curative health services Governments of the federation should explore additional avenues for financing the health care system especially health insurance schemes and health development levies. The users should pay for curative services while the preventive services should be subsidized. Governments of the federation shall encourage employers of labour and the financial sectors to participate in the financing health care services. Workforce and resource issues in Nigeria: The workforce and resources issues have been a theme of discussion in the country. Earlier health services was focused primarily in the urban areas, this made them to be experiencing adequate health care delivery than rural areas. Even though health institutions such as leprosaria and dispensaries had been established for rural areas, these did not cater for the communities outside their immediate zones. The problem is that rural people were effectively overlooked in health care delivery, since the existing institutions were inaccessible to them due to cost and logistic constraints. Another basic problem is the inadequate staff situation to meet the needs of the country. But after training the staff most of them get a job in urban area where they are paid more. Quality of care issues in Nigeria: Quality of care varies among patients, politicians, managers, clinicians and other actors within the health care system12. She stressed that quality occurs when good decisions regarding care are made so that resource are utilized effectively and better health outcomes are produced. Quality of health care is a multidimensional and multifaceted concept interwoven with value judgements about what constitutes good quality13. There have been several definitions of quality of health care. â€Å"Quality of care is the degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge†14. Accessibility: assess to hospitals or medical centres from the rural areas can be problematic from the patients due to geographical or financial barriers. In some rural areas there are little infrastructure for primary care but there are no qualified doctors. This is due to the fact that most of the doctors are aboard or in the city trying to earn comfortable and decent living. Comprehensiveness: Nigeria health system can be categorized into the Public and the Private health services. The public health sector is further divided structurally into the Primary Health Care (PHC), Secondary Health Care (SHC) and the Tertiary Heath Care (THC). Though, World Health Organisation (1978) suggests that in order for primary care to be comprehensive, all development- oriented activities should be interrelated and balanced so as to focus on problems of the highest priority as mutually perceived by the community and the health system, and that culturally acceptable, technically appropriate, manageable and appropriately selected interventions should be implemented in combinations that meet local needs. This implies that single- purpose programs should be integrated into primary health care activities as quickly and smoothly as possible.11 In Nigeria, there are referrals but the problem the patients (either rich or poor, over 60 of age or not) faces is that they must pay pa rt of their hospital bill before any treatment can be commence. In United Kingdom most of the treatment the NHS pays the bills. Co-ordination of services: there is no co-ordination of services because of the way things are in Nigeria there is no accountability of the patients medical history. Patient can decide to move from one doctor to another without any referral. The system is not like in United Kingdom where the technology is computerized that you can pull out people medical records anywhere. Equity: in Nigeria there is no equity. This is country full of corruption even in the hospital. For instance Jane to the hospital around 8.00am, then John and Amy went around 8.30am and 9.00am. Because they are related to the staff in that particular hospital they will see the doctor before Jane. In United Kingdom people wait for their turn unless is on emergency bases. How could quality of care issues be made better in Nigeria over the next 10 years? Quality of care issues can be made better by monitoring and evaluation of the health care system, with minimum categories of indicators as follows: Health policy: proper distribution of health resources, financial, manpower, physical facilities to reflect the degree of equity by geography and by urban/rural ratios; government should devise appropriate mechanisms for supporting and involving the communities in the planning and implementation of health services; an organizational framework for managerial process. Health status: proper documentation of patients health status for instance nutritional status as indicated by weight of babies, weight and height measurement of infants and children in relation to age. Socio-economical indicators related to health and living standard: such as sanitation, housing condition, work condition, food availability, and adult literacy. Provision and utilization of health care indicators: immunization this includes the percentage of children at risk who are fully immunized against the major childhood diseases; the incidence of the six diseases in children under 5 years of age and the mortality rate due to the six disease in children under 5years of age. Prevention and control of epidemic diseases indicators shall specify disease specific incidence and prevalence rate. Adequate provision of the essential drugs. The coverage by referral system indicators shall state the proportion of population in a given with access to the within 5 kilometres or 1 hour travel time, the proportion of the referred cases who made use of the services and availability of referral services. Promotion of health in school. Recommendations for the development of primary health care: The national health policy: the aims are to achieve health for all Nigerians based on the national philosophy of social justice and equity. Therefore, a health system based on primary health care is adopted as the means of achieving the goal. Since health development contributes to and results from socio-economic development, the sectors should mutually be supportive and together contribute to the ultimate goals of the nation. All the governments of the federation should review their financial allocation to health in relation to the requirements of other sectors of the economy. High priority programmes for primary health care should have the first consideration on any additional resources that may be available More staff should be trained and an increase in wages for those who will agree to serve in the areas Facilitation of monitoring and evaluation data collection system within the nation. In conclusion: Primary health care in Nigeria have evolved through a series of historical developments. Though, it is the backbone of Nigeria health system but has been judged to be unsatisfactory and inadequate in meeting the needs and demand of the public as reflected by the low state of health of the population. The population should abide by principles primary health care based on equity and justice. However, if the services are available accessible as well as acceptable to and affordable by every individual, community and the nation; if the masses concentrate on solving those health problems that take the greater toll of life.

Business related Essay

1. Define Marketing. What is marketing process as set out in your text book. Explain the various elements of marketing process. ( LO1; Assessment Criteria 1.1) 2. Select an organization of your choice, identify the marketing orientation it focuses on and evaluate the benefits and costs of the marketing orientation for the selected organization ( LO1; Assessment Criteria 1.2) 3. The Dunkin’ Donut Case: ( LO1; Assessment Criteria 1.2) For more than 50 years, Dunkin’ Donuts has offered customers throughout the United States, and around the world, a consistent experience – the same donuts, the same coffee, the same store dà ©cor – each time a customer drops in. Although the chain now offers iced coffee, breakfast sandwiches, smoothies, gourmet cookies, and Dunkin’ Dawgs in addition to the old standbys, devoted customers argue that it’s the coffee that sets Dunkin’ Donut apart. To keepcustomers coming back, the chain still relies on the recipe that founder Bill Rosenberg crafted more than 50 years ago. The company is so concerned about offering a consistent, high-quality cup of coffee that managers in Dunkin’ Donut’s â€Å"Tree-to-Cup† program monitor the progress of its coffee beans from the farm to the restaurant. The result? Dunkin Donuts sells more cups of coffee than any other retailer in the United States – 30 cups a second, nearly one billion cups each year. Building on that success, the company plans to more than triple its current number of stores, amassing 15,000 franchises by the year 2015. What marketing orientation does Dunkin Donut follow here and why? Give reasons and justification Learning Outcome/s achieved in the assignment: By completing this assignment successfully, the student will achieve the following learning outcome:Learning Outcome LO1 Understand the concept and process of marketing Assessment Criteria 1.1 explain the various elements of the marketing process 1.2 evaluate the benefits and costs of a marketing orientation for a selected organisation Grading Criteria PASS The student will be awarded a PASS grade if he/she achieves all assessment criteria MERIT: The student will be awarded a Merit grade if he/she The learners evidence shows for : M1 Identify and apply strategies to find appropriate solutions †¢ effective judgements have been made †¢ complex problems with more than one variable have been explored †¢ an effective approach to study and research has been applied DISTINCTION: The student will be awarded a Distinction grade if he/she The learners evidence shows for: †¢ conclusions have been arrived at through synthesis of ideas and have been justified D1 Use critical reflection to evaluate own work †¢ the validity of results has been evaluated using and justify valid conclusions defined criteria †¢ self-criticism of approach has taken place †¢ realistic improvements have been proposed against defined characteristics for success

How Long Should You Wait for a Late Professor

No matter how great your college is, its bound to happen: a professor is going to be late to class. But how long should you wait for them to show up? Ten minutes? Fifteen? The entire 50-minute class period? Do you tell someone? And, most importantly, when is it OK to leave? Rules of Thumb At most schools, there are rules of thumb about how long to wait if your professor doesnt show. Fifteen minutes is pretty common, though each campus has its own variation. Some students believe that 10 minutes is long enough. Few schools have a written policy about how long to wait for a late professor. How long you hold out depends on many factors, including the campus culture and your own attitude (and patience) as a student. Is It Normal for the Professor to Be Late? Professors are people, too, and some of them have a habit of always running late. If your professor is often tardy, you might consider staying a while since theres a chance theyll still show up. Is Your Professor Never Late?   Some professors are extremely punctual and expect you to be on time, too. If thats the case, and your professor hasnt appeared after 15 to 20 minutes, you may consider their tardiness a sign that something is awry. Your professors punctuality is an important pattern to consider when youre trying to decide what to do if he or she is late to class. Guest Professors Perhaps your regular professor is out of town and someone else is supposed to be leading the class today. If thats the case, you should wait as long as possible, perhaps even the entire class period. The guest professor could be lost, looking for parking, stuck in traffic, or dealing with unexpected issues. If you (and other students) leave before the guest professor arrives, your absence could reflect badly on the class and your professor. Traffic If  students who live off-campus are talking about a bad backup on the freeway or other event snarling access to campus, your professor might be facing the same situation. Consider what he or she might be facing that day during the commute when deciding whether to stay or leave. Consider Your Class Schedule Is it the first day of class when you need to make a good impression or get a signature to add the class? Is there a major assignment due or an important exam scheduled? If so, leaving early might be a bad idea. In some circumstances, being one of the last students to leave the class may be a better option. What to Do Next If your professor is late and you decide to leave, what should you do next?  If its really out of character for your professor not to show, consider stopping by your colleges registrars office to let them know. You also might send your professor a courtesy email, letting them know you were in class and are checking in. Was the class supposed to meet elsewhere? Did you miss an announcement? Its a good idea to check in and follow up. Final Thoughts Theres no magic number about how long you should (or shouldnt) wait for a late professor. It all depends on your campus culture, your professors habits and expectations, the situation, and what you are personally comfortable with. Given all of that, however, its important to remember that your education is what you make of it. Leaving or staying is a judgment call youll have to make.

Philosophy The Liberalistic Philosophy Of Education

Philosophy of Education 2 Perspective: The Liberalistic Philosophy of Education The empowerment of individuals within a community appeared to be nonexistent in Greek philosopher Plato s, Allegory of the Cave. Preferentially, it was simply not within the range of one s knowledge, experience, or understanding; strange; therefore, unfamiliar. Greek philosopher Plato, an astute student of Socrates, his focal point - an advocate of the Liberalism philosophy of education. Liberal Education is a philosophy of education that includes broad exposure to multiple disciplines and ways of knowing I conjunction with in-depth study of one area of professional development. It seeks to foster personal and intellectual growth and social responsibility (LEAP, 2007). The liberalistic philosophy of education solidifies a flexible range of learning that allows freedom with regard to conventional learning styles. I have become confident in my belief of the Liberalist philosophy of education. Liberalism is viewed as freedom from tradition and authority; hence, being synonymous with self-actualization. Plato believed that unless people had philosophers as kings, or the people who are currently called kings and rulers practice philosophy with enough integrity there can be no end to political troubles or even to human troubles in general. Moreover, according to Prins Drayton, power for others, for power is not aShow MoreRelatedPolitical Parties And The Democratic Party2072 Words   |  9 Pagesjustice. Through these beliefs come the ideas of universal health care, labor unions, social opportunities, consumer protection, and environmental protection. U.S history and even today the two parties show the differences and similarities of their philosophies through their historical evolution, the changes in their viewpoint, and topic demographics. On July 6th 1854, The Republican party was created in Jackson, Michigan. At this time in history, people who did not believe in slavery branched awayRead More20th Century United States1990 Words   |  8 Pagesimportance and the role of government in citizens lives increasing. FDR had a clear overarching vision of what he wanted to do to America, and was prepared to drive through the structural power changes required to achieve this vision. FDR’s philosophy is summed up by his 1938 address to congress where he stated that the â€Å"government has a final responsibility for the well-being of its citizenship. If private co-operative endeavor fails to provide work for willing hands and relief for the unfortunate